tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-238735922024-03-14T00:07:54.137-04:00StevenWarRanNon-Violence and the Second AmendmentStevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.comBlogger1144125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23873592.post-26019714827478066842019-02-26T14:31:00.001-05:002019-02-26T15:14:36.846-05:00The Election Fraud -<br />
December 1, 1853, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9800EEDC1131E13BBC4A51DFB7678388649FDE">The Election Fraud; The Judicial Investigation--Arrest of the Pell Clerk</a>,<br />
<br />
December 1, 1853, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C05E1DB1131E13BBC4953DFB4678388649FDE">THE ELECTION FRAUD.; Additional Proceedings before Judge Stuart</a>, Yesterday forenoon the judicial investigation in relation to the recent fraud in the First District of the Twen, Ward, was before Judge STUART Ut the Jefferson Police<br />
<br />
January 9, 1854, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9805E1DE103AE334BC4153DFB766838F649FDE">NEW-YORK CITY.; AMUSEMENTS THIS EVENING, For Particulars see our Advertising Columns. POLICE AFFAIRS. METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER FIRE IN LONG'S BOOKSTORE. MURDER ON THE OCEAN. Important Decisions in Admiralty. U. S. DISTRICT COURT--JAN. 7, 1854. Before Judge Betts. SUPERIOR COURT--GENERAL TERM</a>, of candidates for members or the Police Department. On Saturday the Board of Aldermen Committee in the Twentieth Ward election fraud, the seat of Cummings and Tucler, met at the City lall. N. Bowditch Blulit appeared in behalf of<br />
<br />
April 1, 1854, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9902E5D9103AE334BC4953DFB266838F649FDE">The Sessions Court for April--Important Trials to Come off</a>, third or fourth time since the commencement of the .gs.) to appear and testify on behalf of the people. Another, is the election fraud, perpetrated in the Twentieth Ward last Fall, respecting the election of CUMMvINOs. In addition to<br />
<br />
May 16, 1854, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9400E7DA1538EE3BBC4E52DFB366838F649FDE">NEW-YORK CITY.; IRISH CIVIL AND MILITARY UNION. STEALING SHIRTS BY WHOLESALE. A CRIMINAL CHARGE DISMISSED. ABANDONED. SUPERIOR COURT COURT OF GENERAL SESSIONS UNITED STATES CIRCUIT COURT</a>, -Monday<br />
<br />
May 17, 1854, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9801E2D8103AE334BC4F52DFB366838F649FDE">The Twentieth Ward Election Fraud.; Trial of William Turner, Hugh Mooney and William Turner, Inspectors. Before Hon. Recorder Tillou. FOURTH DAY</a>, proceedings transpired. Not only the private interests of his client, but the public interests were involved.The Twentieth Ward Election Fraud. 'Trial of William Turner, Hugh Mooney and William Turner, Inspectora. Before Hon.<br />
<br />
May 18, 1854, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B04E1D8103AE334BC4052DFB366838F649FDE">The Twentieth Ward Election Fraud</a>, The same line of testimony was continued, and a number of witness were called who had voted for Cumming H. Tucker at the First District of the Twentieth Ward, in the late election....<br />
<br />
May 19, 1854, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9804E0D8103AE334BC4152DFB366838F649FDE">The Twentieth Ward Election Fraud</a>, At the opening of the Court yesterday the District Attorney rose and stated that, from the evidence in his possession, and given before the Coroner's Jury, it was apparent that Mr. Hays, at the time Dr. Lutener died, was in Harlem, and therefore t…<br />
<br />
November 10, 1854, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9903E4DA1238EE3BBC4852DFB767838F649FDE">KNOW-NOTHING DEMONSTRATION.; GRAND MASS MEETING IN THE PARK. CHARGES OF CORRUPTION AT THE POLLS, DENUNCIATORY RESOLUTIONS. Speeches of Wm. Ross Wallace, Col. Snow, Chauncey Schafier, and others</a>, meeting adjourn to meet in the Park on Monday next, at 5 P. M. The following Committee was appointed to investigate the election fraud in the Sixth Ward. First Ward, Mr. Stokely. * Second Ward, Capt. Tone. Fourth Ward, Ira Buckman,<br />
<br />
November 12, 1861, New York Times, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1861/11/12/news/the-supreme-court-of-pennsylvania.html">The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania</a>, PITTSBURGH, Penn., Monday, Nov. 11. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, to-day, granted a special injunction on the Philadelphia election fraud, restraining CHARLES D. KNIGHT, Prothonotary of Philadelphia County, from delivering the<br />
<br />
March 19, 1870, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9904EED6173BE63BBC4152DFB566838B669FDE">THE ELECTION FRAUDS.; More Dilatory Proceedings in the Brooklyn Cases--A Postponement Till Monday</a>, The attendance in the Court of Oyer and Terminer, yesterday morning, was not so large as on previous occasions, when the election fraud cases were set down for a hearing. The Circuit Court calendar having been called over, the"<br />
<br />
March 23, 1870, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F04E1DE133BE63BBC4B51DFB566838B669FDE">BROOKLYN ELECTION FRAUDS.; Manners and Morals of Brooklyn Politicians--Third of the Election Fraud Cases</a>, The Court of Oyer and Terminer was again filled yesterday morning with an audience composed largely of local politicians, who had assembled to watch the development of the system of accumulated fraud which had been the chief destruction of the ele..<br />
<br />
March 25, 1870, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9800E4DE123AEF34BC4D51DFB566838B669FDE">The Sleepy Hollow Tragedy</a>, Brooklyn., tit for the defence, moved Monday, on the ground that (late Mr. GRANVILLE T. JENKS was at prr WunL busy with the election fraud trial in Brooklyn. District-Attorney VAN DEhi. opposed the motion. A short consultation<br />
<br />
March 26, 1870, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F07E1DF133BE63BBC4E51DFB566838B669FDE">Chief-Justice Chase and the Supreme Court</a>,<br />
<br />
March 27, 1870, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D02E0DF133BE63BBC4F51DFB566838B669FDE">The Election Fraud Cases--Motion of the the District-Attorney for Judgment--Sentence Deferred to Thursday Next</a>, In the Kings County Court of Oyer and Terminer, yesterday morning, before Judge GILBERT and Assistant Justices VOORHEES and JOHNSON, District-Attorney MORES moved for judgement in the cases in which convictions had been returned for frauds at the<br />
<br />
April 1, 1870, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9407E3DA163BE63BBC4953DFB266838B669FDE">The Political Barometer in Brooklyn</a>, However public opinion may differ as to the strict impartiality of tbo charges givon by the Court in the election fraud casey, we think that moderate men of all parties will command the of tbe . Whatever the Associate<br />
<br />
May 8, 1870, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9503E4D9153BE63BBC4053DFB366838B669FDE">LOCAL NEWS IN BRIEF.; NEW-YORK. BROOKLYN. LONG ISLAND. WESTCHESTER COUNTY. NEW-JERSEY</a>, a razor. SMte *has been for some time in weak ,-and was very low-6. when Sound !ug he was quite dead. The trial of the election fraud cases will be resumed on Monday morning at the Court of Oyer , before Judge Bgt5AsD and a jury<br />
<br />
May 10, 1870, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C0DE0D9153BE63BBC4852DFB366838B669FDE">LOCAL NEWS IN BRIEF.; NEW-YORK. BROOKLYN. NEW-JERSEY</a>, neat. The Court of Oyer and Terminer met yesterday morning, but owing to the of several witnesses the hearing of the election fraud cases was adjourned till today at 10 o'clock. The route of the new Parl- Streets Railroad is<br />
<br />
May 28, 1870, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=950DEED61E3CE13BBC4051DFB366838B669FDE">FORTY-FIRST CONGRESS.; SECOND SESSION. SENATE ... HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES</a>, because he had honestly and firmly aided Mr. BROOKS, Of New-York, denounced the operation as a fraud, as bad as any election fraud ever charged upon parties in New-York. It ain attempt to defraud the minority of the by<br />
<br />
May 31, 1870, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B00E5DF1F3CE13BBC4950DFB366838B669FDE">Senator Sherman on Election Frands</a>, from the State Courts of the City of New-York to the United States Courts. Who would think of indicting anybody for an election fraud in a State Court in the City of New-York t Why, Sir, the Judges themselves are elected by those<br />
<br />
September 14, 1870, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9905EFDD113DE53BBC4C52DFBF66838B669FDE">Article 1 -- No Title</a>, visitors The Brooklyn Democrats of the "straight' type were beginning to congratulate themselves on the apparently final of election fraud cases. The determined onslaught lately made, by way of reprisal, upon District-Attorney<br />
<br />
November 19, 1870, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A07E3D8113DE53BBC4C53DFB767838B669FDE">REPUBLICANS TO THE FRONT.; Grand Mass-Meeting at the Cooper Institute. Enthusiastic Ratification of the State Ticket. Stirring Resolutions Unanimously Adopted. Tammany Sends a Delegation Headed by Reddy the Blacksmith. Unsuccessful Attempt to Create a Disturbance. The Ruffians Thrust Out by the Police. Speeches of Hon. Roscoe Conkling, Judge Pierrepont, Hon. Geo. Opdyke, Hon. Chas. S. Spencer and Marshal Sharpe---Poems, Songs and Recitations. THE COOPER INSTITUTE MEETING. Another Banner for Ledwith. THE BROOKLYN DEMOCRATS. Mass-Meeting Last Night--Gov. Hoffman Fairs to Appear--A lame Excuse for Him--Speeches of Henry C. Murphy, Hon. James S. Thayer, Richard O'German and Others. The Eleventh Ward Young Democracy. German Republican Rally in the Ninth Congressional District. Grand Republican Demonstration in Jersey City. Political Brevities. THE BROOKLYN REPUBLICANS. Mass-Meeting Last Night--Addresses of Judge Van Cost, Sigismund Kaufman and Others--Sharp Letter from Gen. Butler. OTHER MEETINGS. Mass--Meeting of the Friends of Gen. McMahon</a> <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9506E7D6113DE53BBC4152DFB767838B669FDE">The Election Law</a>, reception of votes at the polls; but the subsequent counting is left to the tender mercies of local officials. In our late election, fraud crept in at this stage, and no Federal authority was able to prevent its perpetration, or to<br />
<br />
May 5, 1871, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A04E5D71F30EE34BC4D53DFB366838A669FDE">The Connecticut Election Fraud</a>, sympathy that appears everywhere to exist in these days between a large section of Democracy and fraud. The Connecticut Election Fraud. Systematic corruption of the franchise by voting, repeating, and false counting, seem to have<br />
<br />
May 8, 1871, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9900E2D71F30EE34BC4053DFB366838A669FDE">The Connecticut Election Fraud Becoming Apparent</a>, The Connecticut Election Fraud Becoming Apparent. HeltTFOan, Conn., Diay 7. The official return from the Fourth Ward of Hew Haven gave JewBLL 579 votes for Governor. The count of the votes, on Fridap, by the Legislative Committee,<br />
<br />
May 9, 1871, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9804E0D71F30EE34BC4153DFB366838A669FDE">How to Manage an Election</a>, ENGLISH'S friends in Connecticut will never be able to compete with their Tammany backers in working up a successful case of election fraud. Notwithstanding the full and particular instructions they received from Tammany experts,<br />
<br />
August 2, 1871, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C00E6DF113EEE34BC4A53DFBE66838A669FDE">MINOR TOPICS</a>, to be opposed to railroad , and Gov. H. is the anti. subsidy candidate, just as TWEED will some day appear se the anti-election-fraud candidate in 4 this State. It has been ascertained that Gov. HeiGxx signed, during the last<br />
<br />
November 6, 1871, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A0CE6DD1639EF34BC4E53DFB767838A669FDE">Examine Your Tickets Closely</a>, actors wa,e there such a variety of for election fraud afoot. Tickets with names of candidates misspelt are thrown out in the official canvass as . The City as $ wrth snob tickets, with names . Let<br />
<br />
November 8, 1871, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A0CE4DD1639EF34BC4053DFB767838A669FDE">Fifth Senatorial District</a>, arrest was made the day. In the places of the. j Ward the Norton men would sometimes essay to play their little amea tit election fraud, trot the Reform watchers were . Tun rogues, however, ahu have so elections in the Ward. no<br />
<br />
December 10, 1871, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9400EFD91639EF34BC4852DFB467838A669FDE">BROOKLYN NEWS.; The Dissenting Juror in the Election Fraud Case</a>, The dissenting juror who refused to agree upon a verdict in the case o! the election fraud is JOHx O'NattL, who said, in the of a yesterday, that the<br />
<br />
December 15, 1871, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F01E0D81639EF34BC4D52DFB467838A669FDE">The Election Frauds</a>, The second trial of the election fraud cases being that of The People THOMAS Mc<br />
<br />
December 22, 1871, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9802E1D71639EF34BC4A51DFB467838A669FDE">MINOR TOPICS</a>, the service demanded of them. The of the jury deserve the immediate attention of the authorities. The treatment of the election-fraud cases by the Oyer and Terminer Grand Jury, yesterday. calls for explanation. After Postponements.<br />
<br />
December 23, 1871, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E07EFD71639EF34BC4B51DFB467838A669FDE">BROOKLYN NEWS.; The New City Officials. Death of an Old Citizen. Election Fraud Cases Difficulty in Obtaining a Jury. The Small-Pox. Callender's Connection with the Ocean Bank Evidence of the Receiver. Stabbing Affair in Avenue B</a>,<br />
<br />
January 3, 1872, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C06E5DF1739EF34BC4B53DFB7668389669FDE">Criminals Sentenced in the Oyer and Terminer The Election Fraud Cases</a>, In the Court of Oyer and Terminer, , Judge IrressHSac , the prisoners pleaded and were sentenced: James Delancey, three years in State Prison; Charles Marrm,<br />
<br />
January 13, 1872, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9400E1DE1739EF34BC4B52DFB7668389669FDE">THE RING FRAUDS.; An Important Statement by the General Sessions Grand Jury. How they are Hampered by the Oyer and Terminer Jury--They Ask an Explanation of Judge Ingraham--A Protest Against His Action. The Murder of James Fisk. Suicide of A Young Austrian. Arrival of the Algeria--Welcome to Hon. James Brooks--John C. Heenan</a>, District-Attorney, echo informed the other jury. Toe impression wit wrung that this jury Lad not the right to indict m the election-fraud cases. -r Grand Jury has equal jurisdiction for indictment, though the trial must be in ibe<br />
<br />
January 15, 1872, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A07E0DE1739EF34BC4D52DFB7668389669FDE">Judge Ingraham's Grand Jury</a>, Ingraham's Grand Jury. not for any apparently beneficial object. No work bas been brought before it. Dreamy hmta were given of election fraud cases that the jury were to examine. But they amounted to nothing. At last we have zhe<br />
<br />
April 4, 1872, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9403E0D91739EF34BC4C53DFB2668389669FDE">BROOKLYN</a>, The Election Fraud cases are to come up for trial in the City Court today.<br />
<br />
October 5, 1872, New York Times, page 1, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E03E3DD1F3AEF3BBC4D53DFB6678389669FDE">Caught In The Act; Enormous Scheme for Fraud by Greeleyites Discovered; Thousands of Bogus Naturalization Papers Prepared; Democratic Counties in Pennsylvania to be Flooded with Them; The Fraud Traced Direct to McClure and Randall. Information Lodged with the United States Authorities</a>, The Committee to whom was referred the investigation of the statement that there existed a conspiracy to perpetrate an extensive election fraud on Tuesday next, respectfully report that they have positive evidence that thousands of certificates of naturalization have been printed in the night time in the second story of a printing-office, in Fifth-street, near Locust-street, to which a counterfeit seal ...<br />
<br />
October 5, 1872, New York Times, page 8, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C06E5DC1F3AEF3BBC4D53DFB6678389669FDE">More "Reconciliation"; How Greeley's "Heart-Broken" Friends in Georgia are Reconciled. Kuklux Outrage and Official Fraud and Chicanery in Universal Use to Carry the State-- The Colored Republicans Actually Disfranchised. A Republican Election Manager Beaten and Left on a Railroad Track for Dead by Disguised Men--Other Outrages</a>, ATLANTA, Ga., Oct. 4.—The sixty-three counties heard from give Smith a majority of over 30,000. Less that half the negro vote was cast.<br />
Taken all in all, there has, perhaps, never been, on this continent, an election fraud comparable with the one in this State two days ago. Considering a fair election impossible under the existing Democratic rule here, and unwilling to subject the negroes to further outrage and personal danger, the Chairman of the Republican State Central Committee will call a meeting of the Committee and propose the withdrawal of all candidates and electors on the Republican ticket.<br />
<br />
December 9, 1873, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E0DEED71339EF34BC4153DFB4678388669FDE">The Britton Investigation</a>, Committee of replied that no more testimony would be offered on any of the charges, except those to the Risbeck case and the election fraud cases. Seven of the ori_Pinal char, hero been abandoned alto; ether. With .-d to the charge,<br />
<br />
December 12, 1873, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=980CE0D61330EF34BC4A52DFB4678388669FDE">THE BRITTON INVESTIGATION.; THE TESTIMONY FOR THE DEFENSE GRAND JURORS AND THE DEFENDANT TESTIFY</a>,<br />
<br />
December 13, 1873, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9901E4D61339EF34BC4B52DFB4678388669FDE">THE BRITTON INVESTIGATION</a>, for the people. Ger. Tracy conduct the defense. Tlie _ation of tl:e charges sounded oa the election fraud cases r. resumed, and a mass of testimony el:c::. ed which has already been g, to the . A<br />
<br />
November 19, 1874, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B06E2D9153EE43BBC4152DFB767838F669FDE">LOUISIANA.; THE RETURNING BOARD MR. ARROYO'S POSITION. HELD TO BAIL FOR AN ALLEGED ELECTION FRAUD. THE REFORMED CHURCH CONFERENCE</a>, within twenty-four hours be will resign. The from St. James Parish sre being can. to-day.<br />
<br />
October 20, 1875, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=940DE1DA133BEF34BC4851DFB667838E669FDE">THE POLICE SYSTEM.; THE EVIDENCE GIVEN YESTERDAY ELECTION FRAUD CASES FORGED BOND CASES, AND HOW THE CENTRAL OFFICE DETECTIVES WORKED THEM UP THE INDICTMENTS OF COMAN, NORTON,AND WELSH. EVIDENCE OF MR. GEORGE H. BANGS. EVIDENCE OF HENRY C. ALLEN</a>, Hess, and Dessar. Mr. Townsend, counsel to the committee was absent.<br />
<br />
January 19, 1877, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B00E2DC1E30E631A2575AC1A9679C946690D7CF">THE MISSISSIPPI ELECTION.; FRAUD USED TO REMOVE REPUBLICAN BALLOTS CAST WHERE INTIMIDATION COULD NOT PREVENT VOTING--DEMOCRATIC BALLOTS SUBSTITUTED</a>,<br />
<br />
February 4, 1877, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A06E7DA103AE63BBC4C53DFB466838C669FDE">PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMISSION.; MR. O'CONOR'S ARGUMENT ON THE ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE. DEBATE ON MR. O'CONOR'S SUGGESTION. MR. BLACK'S ARGUMENT. THE DEMOCRATIC SIDE OF THE QUESTION. ANOTHER ARGUMENT BY MR. BLACK. THE REPUBLICAN SIDE OF THE CASE. HON. E.W. STOUGHTON'S ADDRESS</a>,<br />
<br />
November 15, 1877, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9902E3D6103FE63BBC4D52DFB767838C669FDE">COURT NOTES</a>, States Marshal Payn received a pardon yesterday from President Hayes for John Volz, who was convicted of perjury in an election fraud case in November, 1876, and sentenced to three years' imprisonment. The pardon was recommended by<br />
<br />
December 13, 1877, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9406E4DA173EE73BBC4B52DFB467838C669FDE">ALLEGED ELECTION FRAUD</a>,<br />
<br />
June 19, 1878, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C06E3D7173EE63BBC4152DFB0668383669FDE">MAINE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION.; THE USUAL KIND OF A PLATFORM ADOPTED ALONZO GARCELON NOMINATED FOR GOVERNOR A ROW OVER A LIQUOR RESOLUTION</a>,<br />
national bank bills. -That we fully the action of the majority of the House of Representatives in their investigation of the election fraud, by which the country was cheated and robbed of the honest and rightful possession of the<br />
<br />
June 28, 1878, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E01E0D6173EE63BBC4051DFB0668383669FDE">Article 2 -- No Title</a>, In these days of Louisiana " ", and election fraud investigations, it will not be to recall une of the yet tricks by which Hon. SLIDErLL, of Democratic fame, used to evade the Election law and manipulate At Lhe time in question, one<br />
<br />
July 10, 1878, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C07EEDE143EE63BBC4852DFB1668383669FDE">SOUTHERN REPUBLICANS.; AN ADDRESS TO ALABAMA VOTERS. WHAT THE DEMOCRATS HAVE DONE INACTIVE ELECTION LAWS "YOU CAN OUTVOTE US, BUT WE CANNOT COUNT YOU" THE CONVENTION'S PLATFORM</a>,<br />
<br />
November 26, 1878, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9806E4D8153EE63BBC4E51DFB7678383669FDE">THE ELECTION FRAUD CASES.; DISCHARGE OF TWO OF THE PRISONERS ON HABEAS CORPUS</a>,<br />
...arrested and committed to jail on election day charged with having registered falsely from No. 61 Thompson street. of their naturalization.<br />
<br />
December 14, 1878, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A0CE2D6153EE63BBC4C52DFB4678383669FDE">FORTY-FIFTH CONGRESS.; SUMMARY</a>, total votes, was discussed of ble length, and finally passed-35 to .".G. ;llr. Blnin then made an effort to have his election fraud .tions taken up, but the Senate rejected his motion and until Monday. In the Hovse of<br />
<br />
December 8, 1879, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F01E5DF113EE73BBC4053DFB4678382669FDE">The Maine Election Fraud</a>, Auausma, ., Dee. 7.-A petition is in circulation horn urging upon the Governor and Council the necessity of investigating the charges of Charles B. Rounds that the election returns have been with. Messrs.<br />
<br />
June 5, 1880, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F05E3DC1630EE3ABC4D53DFB066838B699FDE">FORTY-SIXTH CONGRESS; SECOND SESSION--June 4. SENATE. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES</a>, On motion of Mr. WALLACE, of Pennsylvania, the resolution, recently submitted by him, continuing the Committee on Frauds in the late election and authorizing it to sit and file reports during the<br />
<br />
November 17, 1880, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B01E5DF123FEE3ABC4F52DFB767838B699FDE">ACCUSED OF ELECTION FRAUD</a>,<br />
Nov. 1(i.-Charles's. Fislier, a young lawyer, and a worker in the Republican Party, was before United States Commissioner Ilobper to-day, on a charge of attempting fraud upon the ballot-boa in<br />
<br />
November 25, 1880, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F05E1DF133CEE3ABC4D51DFB767838B699FDE">THE RIGHTS OF VOTERS.; SOME INTERESTING DECISIONS AT THE LATE TERM OF THE UNITED STATES COURT IN AUBURN</a>, Albany. He pleaded guilty and was given a light sentence. Judge ~' stated in this case that he thought in most of the election fraud cases persons in and of influence and standing; in the community were most at fault. IIe criticised<br />
<br />
December 20, 1881, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F01E1DE113EE433A25753C2A9649D94609FD7CF">A JURYMAN IN TROUBLE.; HOW A PHILADELPHIA ELECTION FRAUD TRIAL WAS SUDDENLY STOPPED</a>,<br />
of ingenious devices to obstruct justice that he was finally brought to trial. finally brought to trial. I3o is now hold as a close prisoner, bail<br />
<br />
December 22, 1881, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=980CE0DD163DE533A25751C2A9649D94609FD7CF">CONVICTED OF ELECTION FRAUD.; DAVID MONAT'S PLEA FOR MERCY AND THE JUDGE'S REBUKE</a>,<br />
Dec. 21.-The trial of David Monat for election frauds, which was suddenly stopped Monday through the discovery of an interloper on the jury<br />
<br />
April 12, 1882, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B01E5DC113EE433A25751C1A9629C94639FD7CF">EXPOSING BOURBON TRICKERY.; EVIDENCE IN SOUTH CAROLINA ELECTION CASES--PERSECUTING GOVERNMENT WITNESSES</a>, assistant to the Attorney-General, will start tomorrow , by direction of hfr. Brewster, for South Carolina to tako part iu the election fraud trials. He does not know what particular work he is to do.<br />
<br />
May 29, 1882, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E04E7DD1031E03ABC4151DFB3668389699FDE">TRUTH FROM THE SOUTH; THE STILL SOLID FRONT OF THE DEMOCRACY. EXPECTING NO BENEFIT FROM THE ADMINISTRATION. ALABAMA. BERATING MISTAKES, BUT FOLLOWING THE LEADERS--THE PRESIDENT DENOUNCED. ARKANSAS. STRONG FOR TRUE DEMOCRACY--NO ADMIRATION FOR ARTHUR. FLORIDA. A CANDID OPINION OF THE LEADERS--A STRICTLY PARTISAN ADMINISTRATION. GEORGIA. THE PARTY SOLID--ARTHUR LOOKED UPON AS A PARTISAN. LOUISIANA. SOME DISSATISFACTION WITH LEADERS-- FAVORABLY DISPOSED TO THE PRESIDENT. MISSISSIPPI. MASSES IN HEARTY ACCORD WITH LEADERS-- EFFECT OF THE LEVEE PROCLAMATION. NORTH CAROLINA. UNITED ON NATIONAL MATTERS--INDIFFERENCE TO THE ADMINISTRATION SOUTH CAROLINA. DISSATISFACTION ONLY WITH MANAGERS-- THE PRESIDENT DECIDEDLY UNPOPULAR. TEXAS. UNITED ON GENERAL POLICY--NOT SATISFIED WITH THE ADMINISTRATION</a>, question, and thu as was presented to the outside world of the Republican Leaders in Congress had assisted to the great election fraud actually ; as la; the Party, charging it with the same crime, while its and loaders were or in<br />
<br />
November 5, 1882, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9506E0DA143DE533A25756C0A9679D94639FD7CF">MR. M'KEON'S ELECTION BUREAU.; WHERE ALLEGED FRAUDULENT VOTERS WERE DISCOVERED</a>,<br />
Court for a mean theft of and money, in which a poor girl named Hattie I? was the victim, heard of \I r. s weakness for election fraud sensations and had the information that he was to disclose a t; schemo of election frauds in au<br />
<br />
January 31, 1883, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D00E7D71F3EE433A25752C3A9679C94629FD7CF">NO EVIDENCE TO SUSTAIN THE CHARGES</a>, of a material witness, and as the defendants demand a trial the may be discharged." So ends another of the of alleged election fraud, about so great a fuss was made before .<br />
<br />
March 6, 1883, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B07E0DE1731E433A25755C0A9659C94629FD7CF">THE RECORD OF CRIME</a>, the election fraud Ink of thy Grand Jury, and that q number of names have been added to the List; The action of the officer! leads credence to the report that lions have been received from the Department Olt Justice concerning the<br />
<br />
March 22, 1883, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9802EFD91631E433A25751C2A9659C94629FD7CF">LOUISIANA ELECTION FRAUDS</a>, The election fraud case against George W. G: , Caspar Glaser, and Owen Short, of the Filth Precinct of the ninth Ward, eras continued to-day in the United States District Court."<br />
<br />
March 28, 1883, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F07EFDC1731E433A2575BC2A9659C94629FD7CF">LOUISIANA ELECTION FRAUDS</a>, March 2i.-The election fraud cases worn resumed to-day, a large crowd being present. A number of witnesses were examined, many of whom had registered but did not vote, their name. were on the returns<br />
<br />
March 29, 1883, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9402E0DD173FE533A2575AC2A9659C94629FD7CF">LOUISIANA ELECTION FRAUDS</a>, NEW-ORLEANS, March 28.--In the election fraud case which has been on trial here the jury to-day returned a verdict of not guilty. The other cases were indefinitely postponed.<br />
<br />
April 12, 1883, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E04E5D91530E433A25751C1A9629C94629FD7CF">MR. CROWLEY ANNOYED.; HIS RELATIONS WITH THE ADMINISTRATION VERY PLEASANT</a>, Crowley was asked by a reporter to-day to give his reasons for withdrawing from the prosecution of the South Carolina election fraud cases, his withdrawal having caused unfavorable<br />
<br />
April 14, 1883, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D04E7D81530E433A25757C1A9629C94629FD7CF">Deeds Of Evil-Doer; Testimony Against SCHELLER--PHIPPS IN PHILADELPHIA--PACKER CONVICTED</a>. 000 ball for S50 from J. J. Noah by means of a bogus check on the Manhattan Bank (t. -ORLEANS, April 13.-The jury in the election fraud case against , Donovan, and Rankin, before the United States Court to-day, returned a verdict of<br />
<br />
March 18, 1884, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F02E4D9113BE033A2575BC1A9659C94659FD7CF">Editorial Article 4 -- No Title</a>, Democrats in the House of Representatives should go to the trouble of maturing bills to impede the course of justice in election fraud cases, when they know that cannot become law, and when their real motive is sure to be . The<br />
<br />
March 18, 1884, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9401E5D9113BE033A2575BC1A9659C94659FD7CF">A DEMOCRATIC SCHEME KILLED</a>,<br />
voice of the majority is ~;. The law passed by the Fort:-sixth Congress in relation to the manner of up jury lists in election fraud cases has practically operated to fill the boy from :~ i:icfi names of are drawn fir ith active"<br />
<br />
May 15, 1884, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9403E6D6113BE033A25756C1A9639C94659FD7CF">NEW-JERSEY FOR TILDEN; PROCEEDINGS OF THE DEMOCRATIC STATE CONVENTION. THE OLD TICKET ENTHUSIASTICALLY INDORSED--GOV. ABBETT TO HEAD THE DELEGATION TO CHICAGO</a>, the Democratic Party to the people, that his course would be marked by wisdom, economy and reform. That we believe that election fraud of 18i0 and .1R77, by which Samuel J. t fides and A. Hendrlcks were cheated out of the offices<br />
<br />
November 22, 1884, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E0CEFD81F3BE532A25751C2A9679D94659FD7CF">HELPED BY HIS PRISONER.; A LUCKY OFFICER TAKES TWO CAPTIVES TO COURT INSTEAD OF ONE</a>,<br />
States Deputy Marshal A.L. Smith has been looking for Conrad Lutz, a Chatham-street baker, who is wanted for aiding in an election fraud on Nov. 4. With a number of other Ger<br />
<br />
December 28, 1884, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F07EFDE1F3BE033A2575BC2A9649D94659FD7CF">THE CHICAGO ELECTION FRAUDS</a>,<br />
CHICAGO, Dec. 27.--William J. Gallagher, the present "star" in the election fraud cases, appeared before Justice Lyon to-day to answer to a cargo of illegal voting preferred by A.M. Day, Secretary ...THE CHICAGO ELECTION FRAUDS. of<br />
<br />
January 8, 1885, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9504E0DC1F3BE033A2575BC0A9679C94649FD7CF">THE CHICAGO BALLOT BOX FRAUDS</a>,<br />
request made that tho ease ho set for trial as early as possible. Mho Cook County Grand Jury for December took up tho election fraud cases, but had only examined a fow witnesses when their term expired. They recommended that the<br />
<br />
January 8, 1885, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C07E0DC1F3BE033A2575BC0A9679C94649FD7CF">LOGAN ANXIOUS TO SUCCEED HIMSELF</a>, permanent, but ho would express no as to the final outcome of the contort. Ho emphatically denied the story that the >,; election fraud `car to ho used us a lever to induce Democrats to vote for biro, and said ho would not accept<br />
<br />
January 28, 1885, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9503E2DE1138E033A2575BC2A9679C94649FD7CF">HE THRASHED THE REPORTER</a>, CHICAGO, Jan. 27.--The election fraud trouble is taking on a new phase, and has now developed into the fisticuff stage. Peter Hansbrough, clerk of the North Side Police Court and one of the indicted Election Judges in the...HE<br />
<br />
February 6, 1885, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D04E6D81F3BE033A25755C0A9649C94649FD7CF">ON TRIAL FOR ELECTION FRAUDS</a>,<br />
CHICAGO, Feb. 5.--The trial of the Eighteenth Ward election fraud cases, wherein Joseph C. Mackin, William J. Gallagher, Arthur Gleason, and Henry Biehl are defendants, was commenced this morning in the United States District Court,<br />
<br />
February 17, 1885, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=990CE2D61F3BE033A25754C1A9649C94649FD7CF">ONE OF JOE MACKIN'S WITNESSES</a>,<br />
CHICAGO, Feb. 16.--Jeremiah J. Sullivan, the alleged printer who gave such remarkable testimony for the defendants in the election fraud conspiracy trial as to cause the lodgment against him of an information charging perjury,<br />
<br />
May 19, 1885, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B06E4D91739E533A2575AC1A9639C94649FD7CF">THE CHICAGO ELECTION FRAUDS</a>,<br />
begun to-day in the United States District Court, before Justice Harian and Judge Gresham, in the famous Mackin-Gallagher election fraud case, on the motion of the defendants for a writ of error. The arguments may be finished<br />
<br />
June 6, 1885, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B03E6DE1E3EEF33A25755C0A9609C94649FD7CF">THE CHICAGO ELECTION CASES</a>,<br />
Charles E. Gilman and Jeremiah J. Sullivan for perjury ...committed during the celebrated election fraud trial. They were the witnesses for the defense who sworn they had been engaged in printing the<br />
<br />
June 9, 1885, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F03E6DD1439E533A2575AC0A9609C94649FD7CF">CHICAGO'S ELECTION FRAUDS.; JUDGE TURPIE AND OTHERS IMPLICATED BY A PRISONER'S CONFESSION</a>,<br />
Sullivan, has been lately indicted by the Federal Grand Jury for perjury commisted in testifying for the defense in the city election fraud case last February, has made<br />
<br />
July 24, 1885, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9902EED91039E533A25757C2A9619C94649FD7CF">TRYING TO SAVE MACKIN</a>, case of Joseph C. Mackin, sentenced to five years in the penitentiary for perjury in connection with the Eighteenth Ward election fraud. The Judges declined to admit Mackin to bail, and he will remain in jail until the matter is<br />
<br />
September 5, 1885, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D02EEDA1139E533A25756C0A96F9C94649FD7CF">JOSEPH C. MACKIN'S CASE</a>, Court this morning overruled the motion for a continuance in the case of Joseph C. Mackin, convicted of perjury in the election fraud cases. It was urged that as was under a sentence in the United Court a<br />
<br />
March 21, 1986, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9802E3DC1330E533A25752C2A9659C94679FD7CF">TO REFORM POLITICS.; THE WORK OF THE HARRISBURG COMMITTEE OF ONE HUNDRED</a>, HARRISBURG, Penn., March 20.--The Citizens Committee of One Hundred, which met and organized about one month ago, held another meeting at the Court House to-day. A constitution was submitted and adopted. The preamble states that the objects of the committee are to maintain the purity of the ballot, to nomination and election of 8 better cress op candidates for , to prosecute and bring to punishment those who have been of election fraud, mal- ef office, or . trot! of publ(o funds; to prevent ob3 and aid in as the pub. 1#e welfare<br />
<br />
December 18, 1886, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C05E1D81E3EEF33A2575BC1A9649D94679FD7CF">THE INDIANA FRAUD CASES</a>,<br />
INDIANAPOLIS, Dec. 17.--In the election fraud case to-day Inspector Hiser, who testified two days ago that his tally sheet was taken by Samuel E. Perkins, a local Democratic striker, and kept 20 minutes, to-day testified that it was<br />
<br />
December 19, 1886, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9906E7D71E3EEF33A2575AC1A9649D94679FD7CF">INDIANA ELECTION FRAUDS; INVESTIGATING THE ALTERED TALLY SHEETS. DEMOCRATIC INSPECTOR TESTIFIES TO CHANGES MADE IN THE PAPERS AFTER LEAVING HIS HANDS</a>, INDIANAPOLIS, Dec. 18.--In the election fraud case this morning the most important testimony yet given came out. The precinct in which the largest changes were made on the tally sheet, with the object of counting out two legislative<br />
<br />
December 21, 1886, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C01E1DF1538E533A25752C2A9649D94679FD7CF">AN OBSTINATE WITNESS.; WHO REFUSES TO TESTIFY IN THE INDIANA FRAUD CASES</a>, Dec. 20.--This morning in Commissioner Van Buren's room Mr. Samuel E. Perkins, the witness who refused to testify in the election fraud case on the ground of jurisdiction, appeared by counsel, Hendricks, ...AN OBSTINATE WITNESS. WHO<br />
<br />
December 22, 1886, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9904E5DE1538E533A25751C2A9649D94679FD7CF">PERKINS IN CONTEMPT.; A WITNESS IN THE INDIANA FRAUD CASES LOCKED UP</a>, INDIANAPOLIS, Dec. 21.--When Commissioner Van Buren opened the hearing of the election fraud case this morning Samuel E. Perkins was called to the stand. He appeared, and when asked if he still refused to testify he said that he<br />
<br />
February 18, 1887, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9501E7D81538E533A2575BC1A9649C94669FD7CF">THE ABBETT FORCE AHEAD; MESSRS. WALTER AND TURLEY VOTED INTO SEATS. THE DEMOCRATS HOWL AND THE REPUBLICANS FILIBUSTER, BUT THE FRAUDS WIN JUST THE SAME</a>, despised him, lest he condemn his o:vn party, which exulted is the possession of flits fellow s crime. In 1885 a daring election fraud was perpetrated in Camden County, whereby it was attempted to in a Democratic County Clerk. The<br />
<br />
April 10, 1887, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E00EFDA1630E633A25753C1A9629C94669FD7CF">MICHIGAN ELECTION FRAUD; THE PROHIBITION AMENDMENT LOST BY TRICKERY. WHOLESALE IMPORTATION OF VOTERS FROM WISCONSIN BY THE ANTIPROHIBITIONISTS</a>, the prohibition vote in this State, and steadily reducing the opposing vote which the large cities had piled up.MICHIGAN<br />
<br />
April 29, 1887, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C05EFDB1E38E033A2575AC2A9629C94669FD7CF">INDICTED FOR ELECTION FRAUDS</a>,<br />
ST. LOUIS, April 28.--The United States Grand Jury returned 13 indictments in the election fraud cases today ator F, H. . Congressional Committeeman James Cat roil et-de. to the Peter k, ^ James , and<br />
<br />
May 4, 1887, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9900EED61630E633A25757C0A9639C94669FD7CF">INDIANA ELECTION FRAUDS.; A NEW GRAND JURY TO INVESTIGATE THEM</a>,<br />
custody far an evidently improper purpose. The was in the nature of an entire ,'i;.nd has given a new and interest to the election fraud oases. In the State court the Assistant Prosecuting Attorney to-day filed a the Judge ie<br />
<br />
November 5, 1887, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C05EEDA1E38E033A25756C0A9679D94669FD7CF">NOT SUFFICIENT FACTS</a>,<br />
Albany County, and Police Officer James McGuirk, of Cohoes, who were yesterday on a charge of conspiring... to commit en election fraud, were dl6 by corder 6 in c this morning, tt held that the affidavit on 'which the arrests wore<br />
<br />
November 23, 1887, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9507EFDE1338E533A25750C2A9679D94669FD7CF">THE ALBANY ELECTION FRAUD</a>,<br />
fraudulent returns. These offenses have not been confined to the politicians of one party, but the Democrats ...have been more conspicuous for their efforts in that direction than the Republicans, and on<br />
<br />
December 13, 1887, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D03E2D91338E533A25750C1A9649D94669FD7CF">HONEST CITIZENS PUZZLED.; WHY IS NOT ACTION TAKEN IN THE ELECTION FRAUD MATTER?</a>, City Reform Club, is puzzling the wits of all honest citizens. of citizens, acting from d?(1 , employed a corps of , two before the last election, lo<br />
<br />
December 14, 1887, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A03E2D9163AE033A25757C1A9649D94669FD7CF">HIS EXCUSE FOR INACTION MR. MARTINE'S CONDUCT SHARPLY CRITICISED.; FRIENDS OF HONEST ELECTIONS CANNOT UNDERSTAND WHY HE DOES NOT SEEK TO PUNISH FRAUD</a>, the of the offenders and the witnesses and what they would testify to from any one. "In the election fraud cases of 1883, 1884, and 1885 the same rere sad as in Ei>;nth Assembly District cases and lart, ey<br />
<br />
March 2, 1888, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=980DEEDB173AEF33A25751C0A9659C94699FD7CF">ALL DENY THE CONSPIRACY</a>, LANCASTER, Penn., March 1.--The defense in the ward election fraud case was opened today, and the five defendants were placed on the stand. boon any conspiracy to defraud the electors or or .there had neon<br />
<br />
March 25, 1888, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B07E6DD1138E533A25756C2A9659C94699FD7CF">CITY AND SUBURBAN NEWS.; NEW-YORK. BROOKLYN. WESTCHESTER COUNTY.</a>, at Quarantine yesterday, as sue had a case of sm> on board. Tlie present Grand Jury on Monday will examine some of the election fraud witnesses with a view to a being made un the subject. suffering from were sent to North Brother<br />
<br />
May 15, 1888, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F06E4DE1E38E533A25756C1A9639C94699FD7CF">SUPREME COURT OPINIONS; A REHEARING IN THE TELEPHONE CASES DENIED.WRITS OF HABEAS CORPUS REFUSED IN THE PATTI TICKET SWINDLE--WESTERN UNION TAXES</a>, opinion ; the application of Coy and Bernhamer for a writ of hatless corpus. These cases are as the Indian tally sheet election fraud ca::e3. and ;;raw out of frauds to havo hoan committed in Marion County, IacZ. in the election<br />
<br />
June 13, 1888, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=940DE3DA143AE033A25750C1A9609C94699FD7CF">FELLOWS HURRYING HOME.; ALIVE TO THE RESULTS OF HIS NEGLIGENCE--A TALK WITH HIM</a>, assured him that several members of the staff of the District Attorney's had been detailed to net up bho testimony in the election fraud and Aldermanio boodle cases, and present it to the Grand Jury. They promised him that there<br />
<br />
June 15, 1888, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=950DEEDA143AE033A25756C1A9609C94699FD7CF">COL. FELLOWS'S NEGLECT.; A QUESTION OF VERACITY WIHT JUDGE BARRETT</a>, Jury unless he lied evidence to render a conviction. I called the Grand Jury, after with Col. Fellows, to consider the election fraud oases primarily, then the Aldermanic oases, and neat any other business that might comp : It was<br />
<br />
October 24, 1888, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F05E5DF163BE033A25757C2A9669D94699FD7CF">ACCUSED OF ELECTION FRAUD</a>,<br />
precinct of the Second District in Jersey City last Spring, was placed on trial in the Hudson County Court of…<br />
<br />
December 18, 1888, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E0DE2DE163BE033A2575BC1A9649D94699FD7CF">TO PROSECUTE DUDLEY.; THE SUCCESSOR OF MR. SELLERS AS UNITED STATES DISTRICT ATTORNEY</a>, tally-sheet frauds to conviction, has bean appointed by Attorney-Ganert:l Garland lift. Bailey's assistant in tlic present election fraud cases.<br />
<br />
November 20, 1889, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E04EEDD173BE033A25753C2A9679D94689FD7CF">ELECTION FRAUDS CHARGED</a>,<br />
TROY, Nov. 19.--The contested election case in the Sixth Ward in this city came up before Justice Edwards of the Supreme Court this morning on an application for a writ of mandamus directed to the Board of County Canvassers, ......<br />
<br />
January 21, 1890, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=950CEFDB143BE533A25752C2A9679C94619ED7CF">WITHOUT EVEN A BLUSH; SPOILS HUNTERS ATTACKING THE REFORM. HATTON AND FRIENDS SURPRISED THAT THE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION COURTS INVESTIGATION</a>, wore some irregularities there, the Senator -- to ir. Chandler -- had been one of the principal agents in the Florida election fraud in 1876, the demoralization resulting from which had no entirely 0 The allusion to his course in<br />
<br />
January 26, 1890, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A0CEFDA143BE533A25755C2A9679C94619ED7CF">THE BALLOT-BOX FRAUD.; IMPORTANT TESTIMONY IN THE NEW-BRUNSWICK TRIAL</a>, NEW-BRUNSWICK, N.J., Jan. 25. -- Some important testimony was introduced to-day in the election fraud trial pointing to the guilt of at least two of the men accused of robbing the ballot box -- Hayter and Tenneson. These men admit<br />
<br />
April 7, 1890, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A0DE2D8153BE533A25754C0A9629C94619ED7CF">READY TO FIGHT THE RING; MR. PERKINS'S PROSPECTS ARE GROWING BRIGHT. NUMBERS ARE ABANDONING THE CLEVELAND RANKS -- ASSESSMENT LEVIED ON THE BENEFICIARIES</a>, entire afternoon, and conspicuous among them was Trotter himself, apparently not at all disheartened by hs arrest for election fraud In the Fourth District the ring managers found their services imperatively in demand yesterday.<br />
<br />
March 20, 1891, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9507E1D61F3BE533A25753C2A9659C94609ED7CF">NORTH CAROLINA POLITICS; FEDERAL PATRONAGE HURTS THE REPUBLICANS. CONSERVATIVE ELEMENTS MANAGE TO HEAD OFF SOME WILD ALLIANCE SCHEMES -- THE NEGRO AND THE FEAR OF HIS DOMINATION</a>, conducting State affairs. The belief prevails widely among intelligent and reputable men that to prevent negro domination election fraud is JustrflflDle. This is evidently due largely to prejudice, for in the counties where the<br />
<br />
February 21, 1892, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A06EEDA1631E033A25752C2A9649C94639ED7CF">DISTRICT CONVENTIONS.; HILL'S MAN KIRK CARRIES THROUGH HIS SLATE IN ONONDAGA</a>,<br />
Third Ward; W. H. Tapnan, Baldwinsville, and oo Yank " Sullivan, Fourth Ward. .Second District-Robert T. Dorchester of election fraud fame, Patrick Slattery, Fifth Ward, and John Daley. Sixth Ward. Third District-M. K. .Dyer,<br />
<br />
April 19, 1892, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=980CE3DB1438E233A2575AC1A9629C94639ED7CF">THE BAY STATE DEMOCRATS; OVERWHELMINGLY IN FAVOR OF CLEVELAND. THE DELEGATES TO CHICAGO ALREADY CHOSEN ARE ALMOST UNANIMOUSLY FOR THE EX-PRESIDENT -- FALSE RE- PORTS CORRECTED</a>, and 12 and Iti. make up the greater portion of the district, are famous for election lights, ballot-box stuffing, ami of election fraud s. It is a distinctively Hill bailiwick. Joslab . Chairman of the Executive Committee ol the<br />
<br />
July 23, 1892, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A05EFD61631E033A25750C2A9619C94639ED7CF">M'KINLEY A PHILANTHROPIST.; A FACT ABOUT THE TARIFF HITHERTO NOT KNOWN BY THE PEOPLE</a>,<br />
were directed to stand up. " You wish, I understand," \V infield said to them, " to retract your plea of not guilty to election fraud, and to plead guilty? " " We do," the four responded in chorus. Thou tho pleas of guilty were<br />
<br />
August 8, 1892, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9904EEDB173BEE33A2575BC0A96E9C94639ED7CF">WORK BEFORE DEMOCRATS; THE CAMPAIGN COMMITTEE TO GET INTO SHAPE. IT IS TO ORGANIZE TO-DAY AT SARATOGA -- THE PLAN OF CAMPAIGN WILL ALSO BE DISCUSSED -- THERE IS A HARD FIGHT IN VIEW FOR THE CONTROL OF THE LEGISLATURE</a>, maintain that Gov. Hill must be vindicated for choosing Maynard aa the counsel for the Democratic State Committee in the election fraud causes and Gov. Flower for nominating him for Associate Justice. Maycard himself, they also<br />
<br />
December 4, 1892, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B05E3DF1731E033A25757C0A9649D94639ED7CF">The Water Meter Took a Jump.; The Amendments Probably Lost. Dismembered by the Machinery. Election Fraud in Providence</a>,<br />
<br />
December 31, 1892, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F03E0DA1F31E033A25752C3A9649D94639ED7CF">BUFFALO ELECTION FRAUDS.; THE GRAND JURY FINDS FOUR MORE INDICTMENTS</a>, BUFFALO, N.Y., Dec. 30. -- The Superior Court Grand Jury, which for several weeks has been considering election fraud cases, this afternoon presented indictments against Alderman William Summers of the Fifth Ward, Julius Haas of the<br />
<br />
February 10, 1893, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A06E3DC1731E033A25753C1A9649C94629ED7CF">COLUMBIA COLLEGE THEATRICALS.; THE SEASON OPENED WITH TWO AMUSING PLAYS</a>,<br />
8:30 o'clock and to-morrow afternoon at 2 o'clock. Mujrsaa Kleotlon Fraud Hearing. BUFFALO, N. T., Fob. 9.-The Duggan election fraud was resumed this morning. The proceedings have become tedious and interest is diminishing. Lieut.<br />
<br />
February 15, 1893, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D05EEDA1F31E033A25756C1A9649C94629ED7CF">Duggan Election Fraud Case.; Congressman Causey's Condition</a>, N. Y., Feb. 14.-Ift the Dnggan election fraud trial this morning Congressman Lookwood began summing up for the defense. He "was followed by Spenoor Clinton for the prosecution. Judge<br />
<br />
February 16, 1893, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C0DE7D91F31E033A25755C1A9649C94629ED7CF">A SHADOW FACE ON THE PILLOW.; MANY PEOPLE AT NEWPORT BELIEVE THEY HAVE SEEN A MIRACLE</a>,<br />
the streets with their father, and much interest is centred in them. N. Y.. Feb. 15.-The jury in the case of James Duggan, the Election Inspector with<br />
<br />
October 19, 1893, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9506E7DC173EEF33A2575AC1A9669D94629ED7CF">BEWARE! NO ELECTION FRAUD; BROOKLYN BOSSES ARE DESPERATE AND ALSO UNSCRUPULOUS. Trickery Has Been Done Before -- It May Be Attempted This Fall -- "Boss" McLaughlin Worried and Alarmed -- Republicans and Independents Confident of Mr. Schieren's Election -- Vigorous Campaign to be Prosecuted -- Mass Meetings to be Hold -- Women to Work</a>, the Republican reform candidate for Mayor, means more than a change in the Municipal Government of Brooklyn.<br />
<br />
November 15, 1893, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D04E0D6103BEF33A25756C1A9679D94629ED7CF">M' KANE'S PROSECUTORS NAMED; GOV. FLOWER RESPONDS TO MR. GAYNOR'S APPLICATION. He Names as Special Prosecutors Edward M. Shepard, a Reform Democrat, and Ex-Judge George G. Reynolds, a Reform Republican -- The Selections Suit All Good Brooklyn Citizens -- Judge Reynolds May Not Be Able to Accept -- Letter from Ex-Grand Juror Adams</a>, for the appointment of "one or more special prosecuting officers" to assist in she preparation and prosecution of the election fraud oases in Brooklyn, and Kings County<br />
<br />
November 18, 1893, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=990CE4DC153EEF33A2575BC1A9679D94629ED7CF">GOV. FLOWER IN EARNEST</a>,<br />
upon a pathway that would have to be retraced. For this reason it is fortunate that Mr. EDWARD M. . before taking up the election-fraud cases, discovered not only that his authority under the law by which he was appointed would be<br />
<br />
November 23, 1893, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9901E4DB153EEF33A25750C2A9679D94629ED7CF">M'KANE IN VARIOUS ROLES; DENIES, THREATENS, AND TALKS OF GOOD OLD TIMES. His Blind Son Never a Paid Police Sergeant -- Will Sue New-York Papers for Libel -- Speaks Fondly of Days When He Drove with His Revolver in Hand and Knocked Men Down -- Others Preparing for His Role in Court</a>,<br />
necessary that a. fund of $23,000 should be raised immediately to assist Gen. Tracy and Edward M. Shepard in prosecuting the election-fraud cases. Before adjourning the committee selected Col. Albert E L,amb to assist Gen. Tracy and<br />
<br />
December 3, 1893, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E0DE5DF113BEF33A25750C0A9649D94629ED7CF">FOR CITY WORKS COMMISSIONER.; Alfred T. White Said to Have Been Selected by Mr. Schieren</a>,<br />
Commissioner of Jurors, in the Kings County Court House. Justice Cullen, who is to preside over the court at -which the election fraud cases are to be tried/ presided at the drawing. He was assisted by Justice Clement of the City<br />
<br />
December 5, 1893, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B03E1DF113BEF33A25756C0A9649D94629ED7CF">THE ELECTION FRAUD CASES</a>,<br />
special purpose of considering cases of alleged frauds at the recent election and of violations of the excise laws.THE ELECTION FRAUD CASES, In charging this jury -with reference to its powers and duties, Judge BA. dwelt upon the<br />
<br />
December 15, 1893, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9800E4DA173EEF33A25756C1A9649D94629ED7CF">M'Kane, Thirty Days Jail; JUSTICE BARNARD ALSO FINES HIM $250 FOR CONTEMPT. Justice Newton and Inspectors Johnson, Crandall, and Cropsey to Receive Similar Punishment -- The Court Says the Evidence Clearly Shows an Intention to Perpetrate Fraud, at Gravesend -- The Condemned Men Will Seek a Stay</a>, the bar "Wednesday night. Jere A. Wernberg, who is assisting Gen. Tracy and Edward M. Shepard in the prosecution of the election-fraud cases, went to Poughkeepsie at midnight. He will return this morning -with the order of arrest<br />
<br />
December 20, 1893, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9500E0DD113BEF33A25753C2A9649D94629ED7CF">ELECTION FRAUD INQUIRY BEGUN.; The Extraordinary Grand Jury Examines the Gravesend Clerk</a>, The extraordinary Grand Jury convened in Brooklyn for the purpose of inquiring into the alleged frauds in that city and in Kings County at the resent election began its labors yesterday....<br />
<br />
December 28, 1893, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F0CEED9173EEF33A2575BC2A9649D94629ED7CF">PARKHURST AND INSPECTOR WILLIAMS.; Charges Before the Extraordinary Grand Jury Against the "High Official"</a>, hearing the witnesses, adjourned until Friday, and transacted no other business, save some details connected with the election-fraud cases. All that was to be offered against Inspector Williams, it was said, had been put in<br />
<br />
December 28, 1893, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D05E7D8173EEF33A2575BC2A9649D94629ED7CF">Caught The Ex-Policeman; Lally Charged With Illegal Electioneering. Forty-nine of the Election-Fraud Cases Considered in the Court of Oyer and Terminer -- Accused Men Enter a Plea of Not Guilty, Some of Them Asking Leave to Withdraw It and Present a Demurrer Next Month</a>,<br />
<br />
December 29, 1893, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E02E6D8173EEF33A2575AC2A9649D94629ED7CF">LALLY WITHOUT HIS SWAGGER; BUT HE SUCCEEDS IS HAVING HIS BAIL REDUCED. The District Attorney Consents to Having It towered to $1,000, and He Obtains a Bondsman -- Thirty-one Men Held on Indictments for Election. Frauds-One Changes His Plea of Guilty -- A Tombs Keeper Objects to a Reduction in His Bail</a>,<br />
Justice Barrett had a busy time of it yesterday in the Court of Oyer and Terminer with the election fraud cases. Thirty-one men, of whom fourteen had previously obtained bail, filed before the bar to plead to charges of violation of<br />
<br />
December 30, 1893, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9402E4D8173EEF33A25753C3A9649D94629ED7CF">M'Kane Among The Indicted.; The Kings County Extraordinary Grand Jury to Report To-day</a>, make to the court as soon as he has been indicted. The Grand Jury to be convened in the month of January will take up the election fraud cases in the City of Brooklyn. Justice Haggerty will also be taken care of for his action in<br />
<br />
January 4, 1894, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9501E3DD1F39E033A25757C0A9679C94659ED7CF">Albany Election-Fraud Cases</a>, Jan. 3.-Three of the cases instituted by the Reform Committee of Fifty, to punish \ of<br />
<br />
January 6, 1894, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B02EEDC1638E233A25755C0A9679C94659ED7CF">Brutally Whipped by Five Men.; Swindled Through Bogus Coal Orders. Great Honors to Maurice Jokai. Albany Election-Fraud Case Decided. Senator Lindsay Renominated. Scarlet Fever in Mount Vernon</a>,<br />
<br />
January 14, 1894, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9906E4DC1F39E033A25757C1A9679C94659ED7CF">KINGS COUNTY ELECTION FRAUDS.; Jamison Indicted Again -- McKane Opposed to Change of Venue</a>, Election Brownhill, Morris, and Ryan will be called for trial. The present Extraordinary Grand Jury Is investigating the election-fraud cases in Brooklyn. It has taken into consideration the case of a Police Justice who was very<br />
<br />
January 17, 1894, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=940CE4D91338E233A25754C1A9679C94659ED7CF">Editorial Article 2 -- No Title</a><br />
Assistant District Attorney Wellman, has charge of the election-fraud cases, which he desires to bring- to a trial during the February term of the Court of Over and Terminer, is quoted as that he is receiving no assistance from the<br />
<br />
February 7, 1894, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9505E1D91031E033A25754C0A9649C94659ED7CF">NEVILLE AND COUNSEL LATE; JUSTICE BARRETT GIVES A WARNING TO LAWYER SCHAMPAIN. Interesting Developments In an Election-Fraud Case -- Neville Charged with Destroying Independent and Saving Democratic Ballots -- Strange Discrepancy in Two Counts -- Accused Inspector Testifies in His Own Behalf -- A Surprise</a>,<br />
<br />
February 13, 1894, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9804E7D71F31E033A25750C1A9649C94659ED7CF">Editorial Article 2 -- No Title</a><br />
Congressional jurisdiction of the matter. Assistant District Attorney "Wellman is finding- some of the witnesses in the election fraud cases suddenly afflicted with a remarkable loss of memory as to facts which they had previously<br />
<br />
February 15, 1894, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9403E0DC1F39E033A25756C1A9649C94659ED7CF">PRESIDENT BLAUT ON TRIAL; MADISON SQUARE BANK OFFICER BEFORE THE BAR. He Is Charged with Perjury, It Being Alleged that He Swore to a False Statement Respecting the Condition of the Institution -- Talesmen Closely Examined by the Prosecution and Defense -- Ten Jurors Selected to Serve in the Case</a>, false. The -work; of getting a jury was begun immediately after Justice Barrett had Imposed the sentences in three of the election fraud cases. Mr. Blaut's interests are being looked after by Edward Lauterbach and his partner, Jacob<br />
<br />
February 28, 1894, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C04E5D91F39E033A2575BC2A9649C94659ED7CF">VOTES COUNTED ALL ONE WAY; DOOLEY FOUND GUILTY OF MAKING A FALSE CANVASS. Indicated Election Officers Give Testimony in Favor of the Accused -- Prosecution Vigorously Pushing the Cases Against Those Indicted for Fraud -- About Fifty More Trials to be Brought Before Justice Barrett in Oyer and Terminer</a>, More of the election-fraud cases came before Justice Barrett, in the Court of Oyer and Terminer, yesterday. Out of the seventy-four indictments originally found, two-thirds of the trials yet remain to be heard.<br />
<br />
March 1, 1894, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B03E4D91F39E033A25752C0A9659C94659ED7CF">THE ELECTION-FRAUD CASES</a>, Thus far in the election-fraud cases in this city four Inspectors of Election have been convicted of criminal violations of the law they were sworn to execute faithfully, four other persons have been convicted of fraudulent<br />
<br />
March 17, 1894, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C0CE5D71431E033A25754C1A9659C94659ED7CF">Editorial Article 2 -- No Title</a>, The course of the Attorney General of the State in declining to take charge of the Troy election fraud cases, under the condition imposed by Gov. Flower, that he should appoint as his deputy the Assistant District Attorney of<br />
<br />
April 5, 1894, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D06E6D7173EEF33A25756C0A9629C94659ED7CF">BI-PARTISAN POLICE BILL; PASSED BY A PARTY VOTE IN THE SENATE. New-York City Politicians in Force Watch the Proceedings -- Senator Cantor Opposes the Measure Without Avail -- Quite Certain to be Adopted by the Assembly -- The Compulsory Education Bill Goes Over for Action</a>, were made special orders for. Thursday morning. The next: special order was Senator Saxton's resolution giving the election-fraud, investigating committee power to investigate Police (Departments, in all the cities of the<br />
<br />
April 8, 1894, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9505E0DE1630E033A2575BC0A9629C94659ED7CF">Says The Times Was Right</a>, - THOMAS W. STEVENS here has o. -never been a defalcation of any of its officers, aad its bonds sell higher than any city in the State. Election, fraud has always been in Albany, as well as in all other cities; both 'parties have practiced it, arid I<br />
<br />
April 22, 1894, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9405E1D7173EEF33A25751C2A9629C94659ED7CF">Want Pay for Gravesend Prosecutions</a> Tracy, and Jerry A. Wernberg, who have applied for compensation for their services in the prosecution of the Gravesend election fraud cases.Want Pay for Gravesend Prosecutions. No opposition -was made to the application, but<br />
<br />
May 18, 1894, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=940CE0DA1630E033A2575BC1A9639C94659ED7CF">DEPOSITOR SULLIVAN APPEARED.; Mary Must Return to Bleecker Street Savings Bank the Money She Received</a>,<br />
the papers signed by Justice Gaynor, to collect the fees allowed them for their services in prosecuting the Gravesend election-fraud cases. Deputy Treasurer Harrington said that an examination of the funds had been made, and all<br />
<br />
June 1, 1894, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9900E4D81031E033A25752C0A9609C94659ED7CF">TEN INSPECTORS PLEAD GUILTY.; Staten Island Election-Fraud Trials Brought to a Sudden End.</a>, and counsel for the defendants entered a plea before Justice Cullen for mercy. Every preparation had been made to continue the trials, and the<br />
<br />
June 27, 1894, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F0CE1DF1531E033A25754C2A9609C94659ED7CF">HORSE-BOLOGNA MAKER IN JAIL.; Bosse Will Have a Chance to Regret that He Defied Authority</a>, While awaiting- arraignment, he sat in the same chair so often occupied by his victim while acting as counsel in the election fraud cases. o Bartholomew's father, deeply agitated, sat near the prisoner.<br />
<br />
September 14, 1894, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9802EEDD1131E033A25757C1A96F9C94659ED7CF">CONVICTED OF REPEATING IN TROY.; Michael Pillion Sentenced to One Year-Charges of Dilatory Prosecution</a>, Prosecution. Pillion's conviction is the first in twenty years that a jury in Rensselaer County has found, in a case of election fraud. Immediately after the sentence of Pillion, District Attorney Kelly stated that he had nothing<br />
<br />
September 30, 1894, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=990DE7DA1131E033A25753C3A96F9C94659ED7CF">DISSATISFIED WITH THE TICKET.; Brooklyn Democrats Condemn the Nomination of Senator Hill</a>, logical candidate for Judge of the Court of Appeals on such a ticket at the side of those who approved and condoned the election fraud would be that thief of election returns, Isaac H. Maynard. That the nomination of David B. Hill<br />
<br />
November 24, 1894, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E07E3DE1E31E033A25757C2A9679D94659ED7CF">GOFF RETURNS TO TOWN; What He Says of the Plans of the Lexow Committee. ANNOYED WITH A TICKET AVALANCHE The Recorder-Elect Will Conduct the Senate Investigation Until the End of the Year -- Appeal in the Gardner Case</a>, associates for the removal of District Attorney John R. Fellows or the reiterated refusal of Gov. Flower to place the election fraud prosecutions in the hands of a Deputy Attorney General. " I am not familiar enough with the subject<br />
<br />
November 26, 1894, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D04EEDE1E31E033A25755C2A9679D94659ED7CF">MONEY OFFERED TO MR. WELLMAN; FRIENDS OF CRIMINALS WANTED TO BUY INFORMATION. Some Interesting Election Fraud Cases Which the Committee of Seventy Wishes to Prosecute at Once</a>, would not accept the place. Mr. Wellman, in an interview<br />
<br />
December 4, 1894, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9902E5DD1231E033A25757C0A9649D94659ED7CF">AIMED DIRECTLY AT KOLB; A Bill Proposed to Make His Action Punishable with Imprisonment</a>, Senator Goodwyn, a leading Populist, said tonight: " I hope the bill will become law. TVe want an Investigation of the election fraud, and Ko!b will at once proceed to violate it, and at his trial the facts will have to be brought<br />
<br />
December 29, 1894, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9502E4DD143EEF33A2575AC2A9649D94659ED7CF">NO PARDON FOR SUTHERLAND; Gov. Flower Says Purity of the Ballot Must Be Preserved -- A Blow for State Senator Sullivan</a>, Gov. Flower heard the application, and then said that he had made up his mind to pardon no man who had been convicted of election fraud. " The purity of elections has got to be maintained," he said, " and in order to enforce this<br />
<br />
December 4, 1895, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D02E7DD1E3DE433A25757C0A9649D94649ED7CF">CITY CLERK ARRESTED; Murphy of Long Island City Is Accused of Election Fraud. ELECTION INSPECTOR ALSO ACCUSED Murphy Gave a Certificate of Election to Madden -- Charges that the Figures Were Changed</a>, are charged with willful violations of the election laws.<br />
<br />
December 11, 1895, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D00E1DC1E30E333A25752C1A9649D94649ED7CF">DOCTOR ACCUSED OF ELECTION FRAUD; Said to Live in Lawrence and to Have Voted in Far Rockaway</a>, FAR ROCKAWAY, L.I., Dec. 10. -Dn J. Carl Sehmuek of this place has been arrested on a charge of having voted illegally at the local<br />
<br />
February 27, 1896, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9504E2DB143BEE33A25754C2A9649C94679ED7CF">OBITUARY RECORD</a>, redistrict the town, but subsequently the indictment was quashed, as It was shown that he 'had not been guilty of any election fraud. Frederick A. Platt. Frederick A. Platt, a well-known New Yorker at the time of the war and. the<br />
<br />
November 24, 1896, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A06E6DB103BEE33A25757C2A9679D94679ED7CF">SUFFRAGE AND ELECTION FRAUDS</a>, Are matters which should concern Democrats quite as much as the citizens whose votes are wrongfully manipulated. Every election fraud, no matter by whom committed, is a blow at the rights of citizenship, and is a sin against<br />
<br />
March 20, 1897, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E00EEDE1638E733A25753C2A9659C94669ED7CF">KNAUER CLAIMS HE IS SANE.; By an Alleged Conspiracy He Has Been in an Asylum for Years</a>,<br />
<br />
June 27, 1897, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9504E6D91630E132A25754C2A9609C94669ED7CF">ELECTION FRAUD IN CHICAGO</a>, June 27. -- Adolph Freese, J. J. }{anl ahan, and Patrick Ferris, the three election judges of the Fifteenth l of the Seventeenth Vard who acted at the last municipal ,., ,vere to tile Grand<br />
<br />
November 6, 1897, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E0CEEDB123CE433A25755C0A9679D94669ED7CF">ELECTION FRAUD CHARGED; Citizens' Union Men Say They Have Ample Proof in the Nineteenth Assembly District. STEWART WILL MAKE A FIGHT Boudinot Keith Says the Poll Officers Were Repeatedly Warned that They Were Violating the Law -Rumored Tammany Offers</a>, Assemblyman in the Nineteenth as follows: Weil, (Dem.,) 3,665; Stewart, (Citizens' Union,)' 3,583; Mazet, (Rep.,) 3,147.<br />
<br />
October 20, 1898, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D0DE4DA1F3DE433A25753C2A9669D94699ED7CF">DANFORTH</a>,<br />
fined by the Supreme Court of this State for aiding as a member of the State Board of Canvassers irt the of an election fraud, and he has never since shown the slightest sign of repentance for that crime. <br />
<br />StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23873592.post-91097278993739547912019-02-26T13:28:00.001-05:002019-02-26T13:28:18.150-05:00Texas Rangers<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<br />
<img alt="File:Txrangers3.jpg" height="405" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3d/Txrangers3.jpg" width="640" /><br />
Texas Rangers gathered at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas">El Paso</a> to stop the illegal Maher–Fitzsimmons fight, 1896. At the front row from the left are Adj. General W Mabry, and Capts. J Hughes, J Brooks, Bill McDonald (coiner of the phrase) and J Rogers.<br />
<br />
Rare Bonnie and Clyde film footage, 05:43https://youtu.be/hzNntWE16xo<br />
Bonnie and Clyde
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/hzNntWE16xo" width="560"></iframe><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCX1fu9yh2KXdovfbiVboOmLaECm-3uG15upsP4bV2WssjRnh3ndoJ527NzpUc5JXxN81c0CKBXc0YEoYSCbPiie_wIZfjc8eXkLnSxtUwXM1IJtFBv8_1tEjKxqTT-6ufXVF53w/s1600/Ask+Yourself--Do+You+Wanna+Get+What+Clyde+Barrow+Got.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCX1fu9yh2KXdovfbiVboOmLaECm-3uG15upsP4bV2WssjRnh3ndoJ527NzpUc5JXxN81c0CKBXc0YEoYSCbPiie_wIZfjc8eXkLnSxtUwXM1IJtFBv8_1tEjKxqTT-6ufXVF53w/s1600/Ask+Yourself--Do+You+Wanna+Get+What+Clyde+Barrow+Got.png" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuzQ5fgg8vfkpT3Db6Bk1InIiGBSZ3n2o7EydCQMUjKT71gM4etGJ3iDCi5a705aWlGviTg-eDX024IzaugYeuhKMdZg7InidfNx3S9w34Miy_3SeEGGuDDU8MwO0fUjBLxBolew/s1600/Jason+Preston+Gross.png"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuzQ5fgg8vfkpT3Db6Bk1InIiGBSZ3n2o7EydCQMUjKT71gM4etGJ3iDCi5a705aWlGviTg-eDX024IzaugYeuhKMdZg7InidfNx3S9w34Miy_3SeEGGuDDU8MwO0fUjBLxBolew/s640/Jason+Preston+Gross.png" width="489" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPhEeB6ofeaRotnSe_4fSrPwOzDlYBLUlO647P9ODQ-UYqAkNOL_BL_x6XFJk8j89gOWihFjpVM2IoXEtDyfJ34hH4nCXIgJ4qmmmtCo2UoYDNWK_Bxs0MN-N9DiWX7pIV1v_Bfg/s1600/Offer+Bros..jpg"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPhEeB6ofeaRotnSe_4fSrPwOzDlYBLUlO647P9ODQ-UYqAkNOL_BL_x6XFJk8j89gOWihFjpVM2IoXEtDyfJ34hH4nCXIgJ4qmmmtCo2UoYDNWK_Bxs0MN-N9DiWX7pIV1v_Bfg/s1600/Offer+Bros..jpg" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8XaIasrbVxJv9E7Tgi6mdK584t-7-OsdDZHYILzFUhePVte7A5erGSqTEyvbQ1cgBAq7kWxyrGoHD_xp2qD9Ow7Fhfhh8NQ7fqgH6TG14Gh9mV0wjdJxjz6HJH_Ng2TiD8HOXSA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-08+at+21.01.34.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8XaIasrbVxJv9E7Tgi6mdK584t-7-OsdDZHYILzFUhePVte7A5erGSqTEyvbQ1cgBAq7kWxyrGoHD_xp2qD9Ow7Fhfhh8NQ7fqgH6TG14Gh9mV0wjdJxjz6HJH_Ng2TiD8HOXSA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-08+at+21.01.34.png" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Hey You! Do you wanna get what Clyde Barrow got? Well then, just keep it up...<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKcLe5eDzhiX_4e3cysSfgFMftGFwVOyQwsrm8KLh9d_Nqqn7k1UBIjJIP4d7CXQynNSDQDcpyhLj929_Hdmkh3AVyUBygQmLueMA0rF3-uTMqIeHt64VUOaGslG5D5-1DdCfygA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-08+at+21.07.31.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKcLe5eDzhiX_4e3cysSfgFMftGFwVOyQwsrm8KLh9d_Nqqn7k1UBIjJIP4d7CXQynNSDQDcpyhLj929_Hdmkh3AVyUBygQmLueMA0rF3-uTMqIeHt64VUOaGslG5D5-1DdCfygA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-08+at+21.07.31.png" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOa7wWLMlOkLctPv4tyY1TVcIAq8iPbPIp4FWIF4HUV77UYw-htINPK9b9v7GM_tGW0q-yOI7nTZxFB0gJLarpPUAsO1rlIDjDeCfvSHFd8d5SHw2-WtZCdfWwBwWaYvyqsvB1nA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-08+at+22.22.23.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOa7wWLMlOkLctPv4tyY1TVcIAq8iPbPIp4FWIF4HUV77UYw-htINPK9b9v7GM_tGW0q-yOI7nTZxFB0gJLarpPUAsO1rlIDjDeCfvSHFd8d5SHw2-WtZCdfWwBwWaYvyqsvB1nA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-08+at+22.22.23.png" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU9KIsMAEmc0VAmrjKQTXRS5q9AD-0vKM2wq4Eegk2lMvM8Kzl2XHqHNB6LhhlWZKnEvjgGnKuU_Dm4avM71QO2s2c-QT3NcckZnKF1oIlD-CA-p9Hsa-yE2JixbFRvUzg2JKzsQ/s1600/The+Wild+Bunch.jpg"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU9KIsMAEmc0VAmrjKQTXRS5q9AD-0vKM2wq4Eegk2lMvM8Kzl2XHqHNB6LhhlWZKnEvjgGnKuU_Dm4avM71QO2s2c-QT3NcckZnKF1oIlD-CA-p9Hsa-yE2JixbFRvUzg2JKzsQ/s1600/The+Wild+Bunch.jpg" /></a>StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23873592.post-92185446978638781702019-02-26T13:26:00.000-05:002019-02-26T13:26:12.222-05:00Photos Kleberg, King Ranch<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcQQkj-irP_-3M2Wu-FsG6f6xANJS5gv0h1J82hKDTgzJtIl_jmtdFQquY86kDcJg70mVSyB2mhPixR7GWq0VQE7rMkNrPoFOciSXpFuHrSvfDwgo9MFFRUb-Uyy9qTMDn-LkUJw/s1600/1916Courthouse.jpg"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcQQkj-irP_-3M2Wu-FsG6f6xANJS5gv0h1J82hKDTgzJtIl_jmtdFQquY86kDcJg70mVSyB2mhPixR7GWq0VQE7rMkNrPoFOciSXpFuHrSvfDwgo9MFFRUb-Uyy9qTMDn-LkUJw/s1600/1916Courthouse.jpg" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRQB6GYhnO-3A5wp8X14cBc-rQ9pOTZlSMIA3K11uXhJJewIxzk2RCen8mh5Rc6y_jHuNL-zn1Dznsi3DBdOcnkhOPCphPf4u5ePGuNteComCau_r9azf3UhNK1tO70CrR_JFdpw/s1600/Franklin+Delano+Roosevelt%252C+Jr.+.jpg"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRQB6GYhnO-3A5wp8X14cBc-rQ9pOTZlSMIA3K11uXhJJewIxzk2RCen8mh5Rc6y_jHuNL-zn1Dznsi3DBdOcnkhOPCphPf4u5ePGuNteComCau_r9azf3UhNK1tO70CrR_JFdpw/s1600/Franklin+Delano+Roosevelt%252C+Jr.+.jpg" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxKckAqRXYxVGcCKhpH_BJRnYoeQHMchWdPcTKVLBbLFnjkCB-ehkTkchQaFAd-2LvzeKBNsfVTtcIkMeUaqfUiLR0icZkJMTJvrtEZGl3gTiqfwMV8spbRexFyckl7ZnNkwgbzQ/s1600/Justice+Thomas+J.+Brown%252C+Chief+Justice+Reuben+R.+Gaines%252C+Justice+Frank+A.+Williams.+c.+1900.+Photo+Texas+Supreme+Court+Archives..jpg"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxKckAqRXYxVGcCKhpH_BJRnYoeQHMchWdPcTKVLBbLFnjkCB-ehkTkchQaFAd-2LvzeKBNsfVTtcIkMeUaqfUiLR0icZkJMTJvrtEZGl3gTiqfwMV8spbRexFyckl7ZnNkwgbzQ/s1600/Justice+Thomas+J.+Brown%252C+Chief+Justice+Reuben+R.+Gaines%252C+Justice+Frank+A.+Williams.+c.+1900.+Photo+Texas+Supreme+Court+Archives..jpg" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBIgKsXdPDWrJxtqQqbBZdQutFyp4cTBH2SwIXd5fx6_tq5ecyx2fcv6hKcL_hlUpYCWHeyaET7QPijzd3_h2wS9xC3Fr-cWDsqDwvY5mW2Nyrx-Oa-j0bW9QX9BUP4o-w00LzQw/s1600/large-ballot-box-13.jpg"><img border="0" height="605" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBIgKsXdPDWrJxtqQqbBZdQutFyp4cTBH2SwIXd5fx6_tq5ecyx2fcv6hKcL_hlUpYCWHeyaET7QPijzd3_h2wS9xC3Fr-cWDsqDwvY5mW2Nyrx-Oa-j0bW9QX9BUP4o-w00LzQw/s640/large-ballot-box-13.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsz6Ni5DqwVI6W9M-N5Hr4yGCUcns3Fk0DeJnJLuxT-sCSf5zglV0FQae_OP6PiY0Sp34qIGA3SuY-25BGO44iHC8-PYGMIurn0pztSVHyyQoKINpn0n5y_FYcLVzpwJJmPGIjMQ/s1600/LBJ+Young+Leader.jpg"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsz6Ni5DqwVI6W9M-N5Hr4yGCUcns3Fk0DeJnJLuxT-sCSf5zglV0FQae_OP6PiY0Sp34qIGA3SuY-25BGO44iHC8-PYGMIurn0pztSVHyyQoKINpn0n5y_FYcLVzpwJJmPGIjMQ/s640/LBJ+Young+Leader.jpg" width="444" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPg5K6aiZ1MdtgFoz9USD6xOvLZs4pnBeLbDm6EZHnXeW3Gc7wwpVqUULP1AxI5Xn9mgaYu0L0gO1Cln3oc2-cbOyGJnlhcHTP9h4GVYuKZ7P5pvWQuwwBEaZtCNLsdq6MVB5l0g/s1600/Pardon+Power.jpg"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPg5K6aiZ1MdtgFoz9USD6xOvLZs4pnBeLbDm6EZHnXeW3Gc7wwpVqUULP1AxI5Xn9mgaYu0L0gO1Cln3oc2-cbOyGJnlhcHTP9h4GVYuKZ7P5pvWQuwwBEaZtCNLsdq6MVB5l0g/s1600/Pardon+Power.jpg" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2hNYUb0hQhOaJ0iuh6FUvBdEHPhRudtHgZg0Ba4lyEH0AfFW59eBylt3SUA4ro54RVNPoNskm9-Pc1ILXDxQC2NwCjx5D4Tidhw-VpPCyhOjJEqx_UtNt4gxiVCRz22oZSXf2fw/s1600/parr.jpg"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2hNYUb0hQhOaJ0iuh6FUvBdEHPhRudtHgZg0Ba4lyEH0AfFW59eBylt3SUA4ro54RVNPoNskm9-Pc1ILXDxQC2NwCjx5D4Tidhw-VpPCyhOjJEqx_UtNt4gxiVCRz22oZSXf2fw/s640/parr.jpg" width="483" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidb_g84QTg-BIFEB32XXpKGlbt7AFAE7Xbvw_T6pPU1HOXYaoPGau_iTdbBSBQ379EKh8lDIwgJmGvuwwXbNYx_rCsbUj7QXYyNwaQSdcsDtrxU3sgKt6GnWXrW8FjRkI-TPeLEA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-03+at+11.50.49.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidb_g84QTg-BIFEB32XXpKGlbt7AFAE7Xbvw_T6pPU1HOXYaoPGau_iTdbBSBQ379EKh8lDIwgJmGvuwwXbNYx_rCsbUj7QXYyNwaQSdcsDtrxU3sgKt6GnWXrW8FjRkI-TPeLEA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-03+at+11.50.49.png" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdqZugDCdETp5GPcuyTkTk66WSwDXDcS11x_19sRcd_h99yE872dsRQbc7JoVQcs-b5tv1PG-P0w2JyEEGm4ASm5HIb9MNFygfnzBMA-R7xl-Xjt6lQHdp5OVL5URQlvKu6UHhJQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-03+at+11.42.19.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdqZugDCdETp5GPcuyTkTk66WSwDXDcS11x_19sRcd_h99yE872dsRQbc7JoVQcs-b5tv1PG-P0w2JyEEGm4ASm5HIb9MNFygfnzBMA-R7xl-Xjt6lQHdp5OVL5URQlvKu6UHhJQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-03+at+11.42.19.png" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii6xxCZx93FOS10zGlreQmtIA0vkSB9zYd0DRkFQUCLxpYnESZxjoMMTM7toKyRSrd7GLHHJ1CG6ikFKpGE0P81Dmb-hAszi7x4wCy6XsQ9jdXoP03U3br1lwtzPLLWwkRX1ZYZg/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-03+at+14.08.11.png"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii6xxCZx93FOS10zGlreQmtIA0vkSB9zYd0DRkFQUCLxpYnESZxjoMMTM7toKyRSrd7GLHHJ1CG6ikFKpGE0P81Dmb-hAszi7x4wCy6XsQ9jdXoP03U3br1lwtzPLLWwkRX1ZYZg/s640/Screenshot+2017-04-03+at+14.08.11.png" width="412" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI45geV6yWdOe2KhFuT_I0Wjtx16b_lhEF_mU0JWDQZFD87ZL0xYF_E6OXweJeGrwIvhGQ7V7zulhMhxnAj-QJ77JH5CTsgnfaSLVBzcBzmvFAUl0V8JN3_fZjhHImO6LBMDYCcA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-03+at+14.16.13.png" /><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheaNhUMu8TgIo1enpYX7cUyMjVW0e_Pppg3ps4EvPhEYuGAIwUK2HSqS1jIQFrQiXb1Rh90tBjfoamstKuOAQLBi7sJURQZUbMLXxKDm0jx84nBZALFpYU_gr1jIHW3bvR9-9Dvw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-03+at+14.12.26.png"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheaNhUMu8TgIo1enpYX7cUyMjVW0e_Pppg3ps4EvPhEYuGAIwUK2HSqS1jIQFrQiXb1Rh90tBjfoamstKuOAQLBi7sJURQZUbMLXxKDm0jx84nBZALFpYU_gr1jIHW3bvR9-9Dvw/s640/Screenshot+2017-04-03+at+14.12.26.png" width="528" /></a><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23873592.post-31736660052257433142019-02-26T13:24:00.000-05:002019-02-26T13:24:42.259-05:00Election 2000<div class="MsoTitle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #333333; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<h1 style="background-color: white;">
Election 2000</h1>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<b><span style="color: #990033;">Latest:</span></b></div>
<ul style="background-color: white;">
<li><b>Media Advisory:</b> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org/articles/media-vs-democracy.html">Media Versus Democracy</a> (11/16/00)</li>
<li><b>Action Alert:</b> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org/activism/florida-recount.html">Crucial Media Role in Recount Debate</a> (11/16/00)</li>
<li><b>Media Advisory:</b> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org/articles/bush-lies.html">Are All Candidates' Exaggerations Considered Equal?</a> (11/3/00)</li>
<li><b>CounterSpin Broadcast:</b> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.webactive.com/webactive/cspin/cspin20001027.html">FAIR's Overview of Election Coverage</a> (10/27/00)</li>
<li><b>Extra! Article:</b> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org:80/extra/0011/surplus.html">Surplus Shell Game: Pundits bent on fiscal discipline define away the surplus</a>, by Seth Ackerman (11-12/00)</li>
<li><b>Action Alert:</b> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org/activism/ad-watch.html">Political Ads Need Media Scrutiny</a> (10/17/00)</li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<b><i>Extra!</i> articles:</b></div>
<ul style="background-color: white;">
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org:80/extra/0011/surplus.html">Surplus Shell Game: Pundits bent on fiscal discipline define away the surplus</a>, by Seth Ackerman (11-12/00)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org:80/extra/0010/gore.html">Gore and the Pundits: A Tentative Embrace</a> (Extra! Update, 10/00)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org:80/extra/0010/nader.html">Nader and the Press: Condescension Turns Nasty</a>, by Peter Hart and Jim Naureckas (Extra! Update, 10/00)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org:80/extra/0002/debates.html">Three's A Crowd, Says Debate Commission</a> (Extra! Update, 2/00)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org:80/extra/9909/gore-aids.html">Gore, AIDS, and Greed: Media blow the first issue of the campaign</a>, by Janine Jackson (9-10/99)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org/extra/9605/buchanan.html">It's the Mexicans, Stupid: The Phony Populism of Pat Buchanan</a>, by Janine Jackson and Jim Naureckas (5-6/96)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org/extra/9510/bradley.html">Bill Bradley: The "Special" Senator</a> (10/95)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org/extra/best-of-extra/dem-party-history.html">Conventional Wisdom: How the Press Rewrites Democratic Party History Every Four Years</a>, by Jim Naureckas (9/92)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org:80/extra/best-of-extra/new-candor.html">Press Finds "New Candor" in Old Stereotypes (Bradley)</a>, by Janine Jackson (7-8/92)</li>
</ul>
<b style="background-color: white;">Action Alerts</b><span style="background-color: white;"></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white;">
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org/activism/ad-watch.html">Political Ads Need Media Scrutiny</a> (10/17/00)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org/activism/network-debates.html">Contact NBC and CNN to Call for Inclusive Debates</a> (9/5/00)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org/activism/democratic-convention.html">Media Unconcerned as LAPD Attacks Peaceful Crowd, Harasses IMC</a> (8/16/00)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org/activism/convention-coverage.html">Pre-Convention Coverage Whitewashes Police Violence, Distorts Activists' Agendas</a> (7/25/00)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org/activism/nader-update.html">Activism Update: FAIR Activists Win Increased Online Coverage of Nader</a> (6/30/00)</li>
</ul>
<b style="background-color: white;">Columns</b><span style="background-color: white;"></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white;">
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org/articles/allow-debates.html">Allow Nader, Buchanan into Debates</a>, by Jeff Cohen (9/28/00)</li>
<li><b>The "Women's Vote":</b><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org/articles/womens-vote-2000.html">Election 2000: What's in it for us?</a>, by Jennifer L. Pozner (7/00)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org/articles/mccain-bus.html">Covering McCain: Are Journalists On the Bus Or Off The Bus?</a>, by Jeff Cohen(2/24/00)</li>
</ul>
<br style="background-color: white;" />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="media-beat" style="background-color: white;"><b>Media Beat columns (by Norman Solomon):</b></a><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white;">
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org/media-beat/001109.html">Arrogance of TV Networks: Compounding A National Crisis</a> (11/9/00)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org/media-beat/001102.html">New Democrats: Maybe the Jig is Up</a> (11/2/00)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org/media-beat/000127.html">Bill Bradley, News Media and "The Politics of Ambiguity"</a> (1/27/00)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org:80/media-beat/000120.html">New Film Challenges Us to Talk Honestly About War (McCain)</a> (1/20/00)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org/media-beat/991028.html">Spinning Populism In American News Media (Buchanan)</a> (10/28/99)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org/media-beat/bush-cocaine.html">The Media's Queries Falling Short of Mark (Bush)</a> (8/22/99)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org:80/media-beat/990624.html">Big-Name Candidates Bow to Media Power (Bradley)</a> (6/24/99)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org/media-beat/990225.html">More "Culture War" Bombast On The Way (Buchanan)</a> (2/25/99)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org/media-beat/990211.html">The Performance Art of American Politics</a> (2/11/99)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org/media-beat/981105.html">Foiled Conservatives Should Mull "Pleasantville"</a> (11/4/98)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org/media-beat/980716.html">Bumpy Media Road for a Wellstone Presidential Drive</a> (7/16/98)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org/media-beat/980604.html">News That Still Goes Unreported: "Dollars per Vote"</a> (6/4/98)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org/media-beat/941005.html">Just Imagine: A Media Crusade Against Big-Money Politics</a> (10/5/94) (6/24/99)</li>
</ul>
<br style="background-color: white;" />
<b style="background-color: white;"><i>CounterSpin</i> broadcasts:</b><span style="background-color: white;"></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white;">
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.webactive.com/webactive/cspin/cspin20001013.html">Alexander Cockburn on Al Gore</a> (10/13/00)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.webactive.com/webactive/cspin/cspin20001006.html">Jeff Cohen on Presidential Debate</a> (10/6/00)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.webactive.com/webactive/cspin/cspin20000908.html">Ramona Ripston on ACLU's LAPD Suit</a> (9/8/00)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.webactive.com/webactive/cspin/cspin20000818.html">Laura Flanders on Democratic Convention</a> (8/18/00)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.webactive.com/webactive/cspin/cspin20000804.html">Norman Solomon on the GOP Convention</a> (8/4/00)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.webactive.com/webactive/cspin/cspin20000728.html">Rachel Coen on Convention Protest</a> (7/28/00)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.webactive.com/webactive/cspin/cspin20000721.html">Jeff Cohen on Presidential Debates</a> (7/21/00)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.webactive.com/webactive/cspin/cspin20000512.html">Paul Taylor on Elections and TV</a> (5/12/00)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.webactive.com/webactive/cspin/cspin20000310.html">Jeff Cohen on Super Tuesday</a> (3/10/00)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.webactive.com/webactive/cspin/cspin20000211.html">Bob Dreyfuss on McCain</a> (2/11/00)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.webactive.com/webactive/cspin/cspin20000204.html">Ruth Conniff on the New Hampshire primary</a> (2/4/00)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.webactive.com/webactive/cspin/cspin991001.html">Jeff Cohen on Patrick Buchanan</a> (10/1/99)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.webactive.com/webactive/cspin/cspin990827.html">Norman Solomon on George W. Bush and cocaine charges</a> (8/27/99)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.webactive.com/webactive/cspin/cspin990625.html">Bob Lederer on Gore and AIDS activists</a> (6/25/99)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.webactive.com/webactive/cspin/cspin990618.html">Jim Hightower on George W. Bush</a> (6/18/99)</li>
</ul>
<br style="background-color: white;" />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="err" style="background-color: white;"><b>Economic Reporting Review:</b></a><span style="background-color: white;"></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white;">
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org:80/err/000320.html#election">March 20, 2000</a> (Election "red herrings")</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org:80/err/000131.html#taxes">January 31, 2000</a> (Tax plans)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org:80/err/991227.html#election">December 27, 1999</a> (election and entitlements)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org:80/err/991220.html#election">December 20, 1999</a> (election problems)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org:80/err/991213.html#health">December 13, 1999</a> (health care)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org:80/err/991011.html#labor">October 11, 1999</a> (labor)</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org:80/err/990510.html#politicians">May 10, 1999</a> (Bradley, Gore)</li>
</ul>
<br style="background-color: white;" />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="links" style="background-color: white;"><b>Links:</b></a><span style="background-color: white;"></span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white;">
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.alternet.org/election2000.html" target="_blank">Election 2000</a> coverage from <b>Alternet</b>.</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://salon.com/politics2000/index.html" target="_blank">Politics 2000</a> coverage from <b>Salon</b>.</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/extra/running_john/mccain.html" target="_blank">The McCain Reader</a>, a collection of critical articles from the Phoenix New Times.</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.lbbs.org/Third_.htm" target="_blank">Third Party Watch</a> from <b>ZNet</b>.</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.dailyhowler.com/" target="_blank">The Daily Howler</a>. A smart critique of political press coverage (often with a pro-Gore slant).</li>
<li>The <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.public-i.org" target="_blank">Center for Public Integrity</a> and the <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.opensecrets.org" target="_blank">Center for Responsive Politics</a> track campaign finance reform issues and monitor political donations.</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fairvote.org" target="_blank">Center for Voting and Democracy</a>. Promotes proportional representation and other ways of making elections more democratic.</li>
<li><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://selectsmart.com/" target="_blank">SelectSmart.com</a>. Take this quiz to find out which candidate's views are closest to your own.</li>
</ul>
<hr style="background-color: white;" />
<i style="background-color: white;">See more on <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001208041900/http://www.fair.org:80/media-outlets/buchanan.html">Pat Buchanan</a></i>StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23873592.post-54162447846855560282019-02-26T13:21:00.005-05:002019-02-26T13:21:59.585-05:00Precinct 13<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcKRKjGDRHExbJO2hckicZqF-fpNSQHDStLqeX3silMuw0yqQsa_BRfbGYsdLRdSEhrpJYjjqGy015ssxLTPMMmZzKb8J_a1WSZs33RFl8EDEvTFt8fyTYcHNvCov_7q-6ndDZFg/s640/large-ballot-box-13.jpg" />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcKRKjGDRHExbJO2hckicZqF-fpNSQHDStLqeX3silMuw0yqQsa_BRfbGYsdLRdSEhrpJYjjqGy015ssxLTPMMmZzKb8J_a1WSZs33RFl8EDEvTFt8fyTYcHNvCov_7q-6ndDZFg/s1600/large-ballot-box-13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="604" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcKRKjGDRHExbJO2hckicZqF-fpNSQHDStLqeX3silMuw0yqQsa_BRfbGYsdLRdSEhrpJYjjqGy015ssxLTPMMmZzKb8J_a1WSZs33RFl8EDEvTFt8fyTYcHNvCov_7q-6ndDZFg/s640/large-ballot-box-13.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<br />
Jim Wells county next door.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.co.duval.tx.us/default.aspx?name=Election">http://www.co.duval.tx.us/default.aspx?name=Election</a><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy5BluVLr3kp2NggP8nHDW1GjxagWv0_VZ6_eDwPgx1qT3eQdXXm1kie5xzJzNr2KkQ9CwdUpNbweRTUDoXxWUM62zQXsW9LGvvwCNLdxsGS0Jf84KJmqwEV2fL1o15JMPBhcLyw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-03+at+11.42.19.png" /><br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioDigFQ_wrqlz7r6Dlk7X15X5v0WOxTfXRyIrQVPiRpxXQfXl0KO46koX5_QKcdBjgu4-KX36QKOfy3lQtUYMiEJ2T3goJjgX3T0AhplLgVTarAPPV6r5Gur0YdHT4Q9U5qQd2TA/s1600/Jim+Wells+County+TX+++Google+Maps.jpeg"><img border="0" height="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioDigFQ_wrqlz7r6Dlk7X15X5v0WOxTfXRyIrQVPiRpxXQfXl0KO46koX5_QKcdBjgu4-KX36QKOfy3lQtUYMiEJ2T3goJjgX3T0AhplLgVTarAPPV6r5Gur0YdHT4Q9U5qQd2TA/s640/Jim+Wells+County+TX+++Google+Maps.jpeg" width="640" /></a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY-7HFI201ycUOFCfySqX6-2-7vxZbW40J-abrz7pmgtO8coQSN-KOYKaZY-iS2XmCs4KydQQCho8WC2K0mx_oGCQsGWfjVdHAPJe1oUnb16lDipC4Q0tsoV1BLZXpXOMcwFKsbA/s1600/Duval+County+++Google+Maps.jpeg"><img border="0" height="419" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY-7HFI201ycUOFCfySqX6-2-7vxZbW40J-abrz7pmgtO8coQSN-KOYKaZY-iS2XmCs4KydQQCho8WC2K0mx_oGCQsGWfjVdHAPJe1oUnb16lDipC4Q0tsoV1BLZXpXOMcwFKsbA/s640/Duval+County+++Google+Maps.jpeg" width="640" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Wells_County,_Texas<br />
<b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;">Jim Wells County</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;"> is a </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(US)" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="County (US)">county</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;"> in the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;"> of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Texas">Texas</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;">. As of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="2010 United States Census">2010 census</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;">, the population was 40,838.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-QF_1-0" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16.8px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Wells_County,_Texas#cite_note-QF-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;"> Its </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="County seat">county seat</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;"> is </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice,_Texas" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alice, Texas">Alice</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;">.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GR6_2-0" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16.8px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Wells_County,_Texas#cite_note-GR6-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;"> The county was founded in 1911</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16.8px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Wells_County,_Texas#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;">75.71% of the population were </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Race (United States Census)">Hispanic</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;"> or </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Race (United States Census)">Latino</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;"> of any race.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;">Alice originated from the defunct community of Collins, three miles to the east. Around 1880 the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_and_Aransas_Pass_Railway" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railway">San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railway</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;"> attempted to build a line through Collins, which then had about 2,000 inhabitants. The townspeople were not amenable to selling their land to the railroad company; consequently, the railroad site was moved three miles west, and in 1883 a depot called Bandana was established at its junction with the </span><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corpus_Christi,_San_Diego_and_Rio_Grande_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #a55858; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Corpus Christi, San Diego and Rio Grande Railway (page does not exist)">Corpus Christi, San Diego and Rio Grande Railway</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;">. Bandana soon became a thriving cattle-shipping point, and application for a post office was made under the name Kleberg in honor of </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Justus_Kleberg" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert Justus Kleberg">Robert Justus Kleberg</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;">. The petition was denied because a town named Kleberg already appeared on the post office list, so residents then chose the name Alice, in honor of Alice Gertrudis King Kleberg, Kleberg's wife and the daughter of Richard King. </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;">Robert Justus Kleberg, Jr.</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;"> (December 5, 1853 – October 10, 1932)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HBS_1-0" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16.8px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Kleberg_(King_Ranch)#cite_note-HBS-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;"> was born to Rose and Robert J. Kleberg</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HoTO_2-0" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16.8px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Kleberg_(King_Ranch)#cite_note-HoTO-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;"> in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Texas">Texas</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HBS_1-1" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16.8px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Kleberg_(King_Ranch)#cite_note-HBS-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;"> and attended the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;">.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HBS_1-2" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16.8px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Kleberg_(King_Ranch)#cite_note-HBS-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;"> He served as </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_counsel" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Legal counsel">legal counsel</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;"> to </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_King_(Texas)" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Richard King (Texas)">Richard King</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;"> and his 600,000-acre (2,400 km</span><sup style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16.8px; line-height: 1;">2</sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;">) </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Ranch" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="King Ranch">King Ranch</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;">. When King died, Kleberg took over the management of the ranch in 1885.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HoTO_2-1" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16.8px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Kleberg_(King_Ranch)#cite_note-HoTO-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;"> Under his tenure the ranch grew to encompass over 1,300,000 acres (5,300 km</span><sup style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16.8px; line-height: 1;">2</sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;">).</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HBS_1-3" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16.8px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Kleberg_(King_Ranch)#cite_note-HBS-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;"> He also encouraged the </span><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B._F._Yoakum&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #a55858; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="B. F. Yoakum (page does not exist)">B. F. Yoakum</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;"> company of St. Louis to build a railroad in South Texas.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16.8px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Kleberg_(King_Ranch)#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;"> Eventually oil was discovered under much of this cattle country. His son </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Kleberg" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Richard M. Kleberg">Richard M. Kleberg</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;"> had recently been elected to the U.S. House of Representatives (in 1931), which was mentioned in </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;"> magazine issue of 17 October 1932 which reported the elder Kleberg's death.</span><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.hbs.edu/leadership/database/leaders/robert_j_kleberg_sr.html">American Business Leaders of the Twentieth Century - Kleberg, Robert Justus, Sr. (sic)</a>, www.hbs.edu: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University">Harvard University</a>.<br />
<div>
<br />
<a href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fkl06">The Handbook of Texas Online - Kleberg, Robert Justus (father's </a>van Kleef, Alisa <a href="http://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/entry.php?rec=44">Robert Justus Kleberg II</a>, <u>In Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present, vol. 3</u>, edited by Giles R. Hoyt. German Historical Institute.2015.<a href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fkl06">entry</a>, www.tshaonline.org: The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Historical_Association">Texas State Historical Association</a>. </div>
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHHQ9Hl5H4uFtCFI0nHTGVRW35XHdLmvIFhj99YxLa-sHyXYL4O7LgDMe7H0lpLKZtauRvXfceWSUVKQjRu0qDNVOTq8rkykI7gec6IHzaScOLc47qBvIcAVCdqW504raO3Jcthw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-03+at+14.08.11.png" /><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDRrA3aoFpDtYDsKkvcyiwSj8Do_WwQ5TdpDy01tvrGN5UcP5dZNl_-aSPQ8thaxqz9ByaHppqwbmlJhcWPiJWgXO_CoqGZLrd9UTuyzKz_8l2ztPnG5VdR5R0LcYaOj9mQGi-fA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-03+at+14.12.26.png" /><br />
<div>
Robert Justus Kleberg<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
SATURDAY, OCTOBER 30, 2010</div>
</div>
<a href="http://www.pardonpower.com/2010/10/speaking-of-all-time-great-election.html" style="color: #333333; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: large;">Speaking of All-Time Great Election Frauds!</span></a>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1iZLAasgDjAosMGQvFm3fk3jIsAfTa5UxxmYhT8N2GrZLAIluND4ZF9cTLZ4oDFxKq8PjCS1hszzgtLjIBogo-kBvrIbV6ABBFxOwKKq8M0pvq1_1rKhknVZGNw-7idBwoqmDIA/s1600/parr.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1iZLAasgDjAosMGQvFm3fk3jIsAfTa5UxxmYhT8N2GrZLAIluND4ZF9cTLZ4oDFxKq8PjCS1hszzgtLjIBogo-kBvrIbV6ABBFxOwKKq8M0pvq1_1rKhknVZGNw-7idBwoqmDIA/s640/parr.jpg" width="483" /></a><br />
<b>Archer Parr</b>, (1860-1942) established himself as the “boss” of Duval County, Texas. Archer eventually passed his political kingdom on to his son, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">George B. Parr</span>. Together, they became known as the “Dukes of Duval.”<br />
<br />
The elder Duke (Archer) was elected county commissioner and rose in the ranks of the Democratic Party after a prominent tax collector met a shotgun blast. The poor fellow had unwisely chosen to eat lunch, in the middle of the day, in a public restaurant. With a power vacuum to exploit, Parr immediately undertook the business of bribing voters, inflating voting turnout statistics and, if necessary, creating voters and votes. In 1914, he won a seat in the state Senate, but soon found himself under the eye of investigators. Parr was re-elected in 1918 when Duval County provided him with thirteen hundred votes and a one hundred and eighteen vote victory. The sheer closeness of the race was stressful in itself, but the cynics were overly occupied by the seemingly trivial fact that Duval County had less than a thousand eligible voters.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2mzucjTqldouFoN2u-AGZpAUV3OvYMKGlPSPpNBIsI13xlm_4iPLR7FBMO6-wAM9I-8ivr7jEtmwGInTEXVs7eCsL2qSAUJGWi6KUypZ3gmQlLOeW5NLXDTfX0CP7rVd3v0peKQ/s1600/Pardon+Power.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="601" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2mzucjTqldouFoN2u-AGZpAUV3OvYMKGlPSPpNBIsI13xlm_4iPLR7FBMO6-wAM9I-8ivr7jEtmwGInTEXVs7eCsL2qSAUJGWi6KUypZ3gmQlLOeW5NLXDTfX0CP7rVd3v0peKQ/s640/Pardon+Power.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
Young George, or “B,” as his family called him) attended several colleges before graduating and moved on to the University of Texas Law School. He wound up passing the state bar exam without a degree. After spending some time driving his father around and selling real estate, George landed a position as Duvall County judge in 1926 (replacing his own brother). The new position appeared to make him the logical successor of Archer. But life soon got complex for “B.”<br />
<a href="https://draft.blogger.com/null" name="more"></a><br />
<br />
In late 1931, a federal investigator visited George and asked questions about some cancelled checks. George’s response (if <i>he </i>is to be believed) was to simply blurt, “I don’t give a goddamn who you are or where you are from, you don’t interest me. I am busy right now.” On March 9, 1932, a federal grand jury (with a little more time for the investigator) indicted George for income tax evasion. The honorable judge found himself accused of having failed to report $25,000 that he had received from a highway contractor and $17,000 from other sources. After more than a few delays, he plead “guilty” on May 21, 1934, and, on May 23, was sentenced to two years in prison. Judge R.J. McMillan also hit Parr with a $5,000. Under the plea agreement, however, the two-year sentence was “suspended.” So, George would simply have to pay the fine and remain under supervised probation.<br />
<br />
Judge McMillan warned Parr to “stay out of politics” and “behave” himself but, on June 3, 1936, Parr’s probation was revoked. He was a mere eight days from the end of the assigned two-year period when a U.S. Attorney accused him of physically assaulting a State Representative, committing fraud in an oil and gas lease, having ownership in a company that distributed alcohol illegally, accepting illegal payoffs from gamblers and failing to report to his probation officer. It was not stated whether all of these things were discovered at once, or some sort of breaking point had finally been reached. On July 19, Parr was sent to a reformatory in El Reno, Oklahoma where he stayed until May 6, 1937. He was then paroled and, finally, discharged on January 9, 1938.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6xbqyX5hgPMcmBMqJzzAbQoTB6bCP4ZAi1zRJ_vcq-klmQBdp-mT3N5CwS6NqjlrwpeO_bIY-aM4YGUdf6XywtyMAJJywj4vGpbbCK3JxFQNydL6m5OMHCRTVh-tEfo77Pxujrg/s1600/LBJ+Young+Leader.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6xbqyX5hgPMcmBMqJzzAbQoTB6bCP4ZAi1zRJ_vcq-klmQBdp-mT3N5CwS6NqjlrwpeO_bIY-aM4YGUdf6XywtyMAJJywj4vGpbbCK3JxFQNydL6m5OMHCRTVh-tEfo77Pxujrg/s320/LBJ+Young+Leader.jpg" width="222" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGysTs7X54p0VmjKfY58mYf3cXJ6fwcWa1Fb8BlGRpdCNTpGiLi3SkFUWD0KAfkvNAorX9uWCNshCUGIfRfPkf3Ic-a41lN3Z3hndLQuOzPznVDFn75Er24BNunteUCxH8N1TOUA/s1600/parr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGysTs7X54p0VmjKfY58mYf3cXJ6fwcWa1Fb8BlGRpdCNTpGiLi3SkFUWD0KAfkvNAorX9uWCNshCUGIfRfPkf3Ic-a41lN3Z3hndLQuOzPznVDFn75Er24BNunteUCxH8N1TOUA/s1600/parr.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6RGvhcJHs28Ukh-O4HqS667Ueubh0EXfapUlqRppEVN7bjq3cpPU1iKDpPmkPYiXOynCuk54ElfC_lFOilmz4s-uftJU9CxV7EiMhD4DreQu-nBh4GObvrJe3V-ycHMkOR0-wGw/s1600/1916Courthouse.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6RGvhcJHs28Ukh-O4HqS667Ueubh0EXfapUlqRppEVN7bjq3cpPU1iKDpPmkPYiXOynCuk54ElfC_lFOilmz4s-uftJU9CxV7EiMhD4DreQu-nBh4GObvrJe3V-ycHMkOR0-wGw/s320/1916Courthouse.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim9MBnORoyRfWhY9tmXLZvIdVWGtROlcEc48YADOzeCZUlRY1piH1RAQNUnwgW9A-Y-pn1oZanLD-3vaxEp1_b69kUri_b-o0imw_5QYKBJJAbLjNxj7Nsr7kCghMMihBQ8XMziw/s1600/Justice+Thomas+J.+Brown%252C+Chief+Justice+Reuben+R.+Gaines%252C+Justice+Frank+A.+Williams.+c.+1900.+Photo+Texas+Supreme+Court+Archives..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim9MBnORoyRfWhY9tmXLZvIdVWGtROlcEc48YADOzeCZUlRY1piH1RAQNUnwgW9A-Y-pn1oZanLD-3vaxEp1_b69kUri_b-o0imw_5QYKBJJAbLjNxj7Nsr7kCghMMihBQ8XMziw/s320/Justice+Thomas+J.+Brown%252C+Chief+Justice+Reuben+R.+Gaines%252C+Justice+Frank+A.+Williams.+c.+1900.+Photo+Texas+Supreme+Court+Archives..jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23873592.post-56092190837637568492017-04-12T21:51:00.001-04:002017-04-12T21:58:43.028-04:001872-1964, plus ça change, plus c'est la même choseOctober 5, 1872, New York Times, page 8, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C06E5DC1F3AEF3BBC4D53DFB6678389669FDE">More "Reconciliation"; How Greeley's "Heart-Broken" Friends in Georgia are Reconciled. Kuklux Outrage and Official Fraud and Chicanery in Universal Use to Carry the State-- The Colored Republicans Actually Disfranchised. A Republican Election Manager Beaten and Left on a Railroad Track for Dead by Disguised Men--Other Outrages</a>, ATLANTA, Ga., Oct. 4.—The sixty-three counties heard from give Smith a majority of over 30,000. Less that half the negro vote was cast. Taken all in all, there has, perhaps, never been, on this continent, an election fraud comparable with the one in this State two days ago. Considering a fair election impossible under the existing Democratic rule here, and unwilling to subject the negroes to further outrage and personal danger, the Chairman of the Republican State Central Committee will call a meeting of the Committee and propose the withdrawal of all candidates and electors on the Republican ticket.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg383fsQJv_1kIepvOSPrEUruYekwtFcnaBudMB9VupRgvVKaggME9VFIom1cW4N_dH3LHjiC7fA00ygjKqfkesjPoQwYlHlJhJpzIn55enQ99KQeJpzApbUA5IMMW00SH-nxTPRw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-11+at+22.11.22.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg383fsQJv_1kIepvOSPrEUruYekwtFcnaBudMB9VupRgvVKaggME9VFIom1cW4N_dH3LHjiC7fA00ygjKqfkesjPoQwYlHlJhJpzIn55enQ99KQeJpzApbUA5IMMW00SH-nxTPRw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-11+at+22.11.22.png" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0t8TFDJkuRXPaaF_dERFbT4PrYlioR4KX3h__eIjKuBsaSP8JSnffws7JjqHx0uCal0pE6KeIAI5vfXyj3fHFOqwjDMRVlJSFRpAwCCCwW9DU4JRdtfrTZpnp3T5PPTKNatdK3Q/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-11+at+22.11.17.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0t8TFDJkuRXPaaF_dERFbT4PrYlioR4KX3h__eIjKuBsaSP8JSnffws7JjqHx0uCal0pE6KeIAI5vfXyj3fHFOqwjDMRVlJSFRpAwCCCwW9DU4JRdtfrTZpnp3T5PPTKNatdK3Q/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-11+at+22.11.17.png" /></a><br />
<br />
January 4, 1894, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9501E3DD1F39E033A25757C0A9679C94659ED7CF">Albany Election-Fraud Cases</a>, <br />
Jan. 3.-Three of the cases instituted by the Reform Committee of Fifty, to punish violators of<br />
<div>
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-P6zOX4NGK0EEEKbhTJfXVtq85SVTCNVnf_f9BoEH5LITxD1u3biihsAznNyheiDXQy1vGu8zRIWgG0aNLu0LeoHN3GsqlMATflJuRrU1dk5nRvPmX4ygsaQFTOLAcCH_9D4ZIQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-11+at+23.32.34.png" /><br />
<br />
<br />
November 27, 1933, New York Times, page 1, 3, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D07E6DC1431E333A25754C2A9679D946294D6CF">Lawyer Shot Dead, His Wife Wounded In Street Ambush; Assassin Fires on Brooklyn Couple as They Stroll Home -- No Motive Is Known; Gunman Escapes In Auto; Crime Arouses Area -- Victims, Married 11 Months, Were Returning From Call</a>, Ambushed as they were returning home along a quiet Brooklyn residential street last night, Aaron Scherwin, an attorney of 60 Wall Street, was shot four times and killed instantly, and his wife, Charlotte, was seriously wounded by an assailant who fired without warning. ….in charge of the Detective Division, said that Mr. Scherwin had been a Special Assistant Attorney General in charge of election fraud cases on the last election day. What his exact connection with the fraud cases may have been… <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?res=9D07E6DC1431E333A25754C2A9679D946294D6CF">View original in TimesMachine</a>,<br />
<div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw0FV4FmuUWQ72QDr29nPyrlbjA_r2E0CFjw_xTgaerrntKHD3PuZQuEr9_hXESKdZFkxoZiolrV1UgPNgyv69GlrJteRrJ6uZfxMviI_WPFx7WsNi3QI7x1xujVemTcfF2ccirw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-11+at+21.00.06.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw0FV4FmuUWQ72QDr29nPyrlbjA_r2E0CFjw_xTgaerrntKHD3PuZQuEr9_hXESKdZFkxoZiolrV1UgPNgyv69GlrJteRrJ6uZfxMviI_WPFx7WsNi3QI7x1xujVemTcfF2ccirw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-11+at+21.00.06.png" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKjSLpOk3820oD_SycU39TLUQf2zkfB6VRgZzIuZi_G5Y2tCrtoE-v1C72231e3tAWP25PXjFkVqhbqEDpEFDBJ9IjGqAkzfiwgCvEHa68GVDl_-ffSmOFk73toe3JpYddvUQoQQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-11+at+20.58.35.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKjSLpOk3820oD_SycU39TLUQf2zkfB6VRgZzIuZi_G5Y2tCrtoE-v1C72231e3tAWP25PXjFkVqhbqEDpEFDBJ9IjGqAkzfiwgCvEHa68GVDl_-ffSmOFk73toe3JpYddvUQoQQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-11+at+20.58.35.png" /></a><br />
<br />
November 4, 1964, UPI - New York Times, page 30, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/04/philadelphia-complaints.html">Philadelphia Complaints</a>,<br />
The Eastern Pennsylvania Citizens for Goldwater‐Miller sent a telegram to the Governor “urgently” requesting “the use of state police and state attorneys to stop the election fraud in Philadelphia County.” <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1964/11/04/0118540594.html">View original in TimesMachine</a>,<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-2ZGcDdh5laG5EbLvWleWWgko6mxE920y0IEhhceyS3ssOIctFkh4DiJTZRSPes99EcBaJE7pYq981C8KEjRLJYd0uc08MWHUhBW-5DTWn8yYpQelthiauoJB3tEg_dYoqmzSHg/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-11+at+19.08.31.png" /><br />
<br />
<br />
November 4, 1964, New York Times, page 30, <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1964/11/04/118540590.html?pageNumber=30">Vote Fraud Is Charged In Chicago; Money Is Said To Have Changed Hands; G.O.P. Watchers Barred in Some Wards, Party Group Says -- College Students Observe Irregularities in Voting</a>, [<a href="http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9C0CE2DF123CEE32A25757C0A9679D946591D6CF">PDF</a>]<br />
CHICAGO, Nov. 3 — Charles F. Hood, Chicago Director of Operation Eagle Eye, Republican poll-watching group, charged today that his watchers "ran into road blocks at every turn" in trying to guard against election frauds.<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYbetfy-rRoSYJ2Q99BOhLTG30ydUDuta39wceks4C4NzDiCHIsvAcjPdxjWRzAGEEwxpR5etqZ1fLWUYRV4pbA6LfwT6xQ00bzgXPuAENlVlwFC2DEmZLCyhIvmphKgWXmwyIjg/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-11+at+19.17.59.png" /><br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKhrrz49PzUf5CdERAcfAV5qr5kzfEUH-yIKhvZLlkVfLRe0-dvuPZ7aS-kbwwuO3ZtHRohzwx2g182LCFIJT__JcJPokyHhWkFTx_dbe8BQf8nbS-WUxZWW-vfHgYiZvICAS7RQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-11+at+19.17.54.png" /><br />
<br />
November 4, 1964, New York Times, page 29, <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1964/11/04/118540584.html?pageNumber=29">Long Lines and New Faces Fill Polls</a>, [<a href="http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=980DE2DF123CEE32A25757C0A9679D946591D6CF">PDF</a>]<br />
<br />
September 26, 1948, New York Times, page 62, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F06E6DB153DE03ABC4E51DFBF668383659EDE">Wallace Attacks Truman In St. Louis; He Tells His Missouri Backers President Is 'a Political Acrobat,' 'Verbal Liberal'</a>, by William M. Blair,folks tonight that the President was "a political acrobat" and accused him of aiding and abetting "the most dangerous election fraud in the history of American politics. <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?res=9F06E6DB153DE03ABC4E51DFBF668383659EDE">View original in TimesMachine</a>,<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHwhH5-x_OHI74EJJtlkwcOiUx-A93PBOyvjWqmQhA6SUGXBh9VcEVChlWFxFMLMB4u8hqS7b-2sgVeUwbbxbPixiIZAawzEOZPUEQ9BX_4k0gB583pINU7sjRSqa9K3gquZol1A/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-11+at+19.54.06.png" /><br />
<br />
<br />
November 16, 1878, New York Times, page 1, <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/20375555/?terms=%22Voter%2BFraud%22#">How The Democrats Won In South Carolina</a>,<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq9nywo_ZyFZ64UeIelkvrJ94ArotzKNg2BZ1WUQXxo5_F8zHqdln528lWhgA6VJBL1FUqrESzPRtnB2FFVoGIBDNw-NBC2sHOnexmdFOTYO0OVtPfyRKVmwZPrubbRTzp-qA7kg/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-08+at+22.15.06.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq9nywo_ZyFZ64UeIelkvrJ94ArotzKNg2BZ1WUQXxo5_F8zHqdln528lWhgA6VJBL1FUqrESzPRtnB2FFVoGIBDNw-NBC2sHOnexmdFOTYO0OVtPfyRKVmwZPrubbRTzp-qA7kg/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-08+at+22.15.06.png" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ7LnhDApQ4aNGgRwTw8Yx9xOaFPMPTOulboVMy4C4zHiLLrN2Uch1qJEweP-7XLtOgFHG4pUO7xMjf9PQjG9Y8AzoUE1tGuu5mdL2KBBAA0ofhWqj3_vnO7p4vK7gUnNOvvppOQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-08+at+22.13.06.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ7LnhDApQ4aNGgRwTw8Yx9xOaFPMPTOulboVMy4C4zHiLLrN2Uch1qJEweP-7XLtOgFHG4pUO7xMjf9PQjG9Y8AzoUE1tGuu5mdL2KBBAA0ofhWqj3_vnO7p4vK7gUnNOvvppOQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-08+at+22.13.06.png" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZEzMVYIggCZWPusYevZMnAWnapqIDEGx84YDFRz16MR-A8qNwJvIQJJQFoio8R86qqpTrPTEX3UoyHZyg6SIwlYvlh3Ne0g36gV892NWdAtI_gutE7PgsHpflgfunkgFPcp97Zg/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-08+at+22.11.53.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZEzMVYIggCZWPusYevZMnAWnapqIDEGx84YDFRz16MR-A8qNwJvIQJJQFoio8R86qqpTrPTEX3UoyHZyg6SIwlYvlh3Ne0g36gV892NWdAtI_gutE7PgsHpflgfunkgFPcp97Zg/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-08+at+22.11.53.png" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVL0LMqZ1rw1GgzxBHeEriSbB7s3ti1OpJ8sGjTUnPHMcnA4y-xDPKLn1nDFRjJtU2w5tuT4N0gnt_Rw2CIWK7vrLDnvZjCoWqD59mfZO0AFzrZop7e1npejVSnLIkPYqwQ7q2Kw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-08+at+22.16.33.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVL0LMqZ1rw1GgzxBHeEriSbB7s3ti1OpJ8sGjTUnPHMcnA4y-xDPKLn1nDFRjJtU2w5tuT4N0gnt_Rw2CIWK7vrLDnvZjCoWqD59mfZO0AFzrZop7e1npejVSnLIkPYqwQ7q2Kw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-08+at+22.16.33.png" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJeOJri6z5V8q0mB7vjtXlEOGcg4Qk5OM3L4HAFu4bx1laAHcseyqgNMDWbhEU3RVqtmlpr9DgZRmSlAUPeCbofoMjUWeNTP3R1i9zMSem4nsxSXJcXDQy1BgZQrR-hzhhOsI-Pg/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-08+at+22.19.00.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJeOJri6z5V8q0mB7vjtXlEOGcg4Qk5OM3L4HAFu4bx1laAHcseyqgNMDWbhEU3RVqtmlpr9DgZRmSlAUPeCbofoMjUWeNTP3R1i9zMSem4nsxSXJcXDQy1BgZQrR-hzhhOsI-Pg/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-08+at+22.19.00.png" /></a><br />
<br />
December 1, 1949, AP - The Post-Standard [Syracuse, NY] page 2, <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/35976633/#">Witness Testifies To Gifts by Utica Officials; Former Democratic Treasurer Heard at Vote Fraud Trial</a>,<br />
<br />
A former treasurer of the Oneida county Democratic committee testifies at the Utica vote fraud trial yesterday that he received sums of money up to $2,000 from Utica officials "during campaign times."<br />
<br />
Resigned Post Rufus P. Cavallo, deputy city safety commissioner, said he had received money from Dennis P. O'Dowd, superintendent of construction in the Utica department of public works, "for six or seven years." He testifies he also received sums from the city treasurer and the city comptroller.<br />
O'Dowd is one of 10 Utica men on trial on charges of conspiracy, vote buying, extortion and destruction of documents.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW1_d9MyP2StUGZuYVrBcKe-1sWKelig6JNCVo0r7KC0hjsS3fikkjplIBKOe7Szqysp8D9kmvVCdW6dwiAEyH2yim-NyfqLDHJwgcCTXjUP-0zv6wdIHUKKB8jucpgZLR59_xig/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-08+at+22.20.13.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW1_d9MyP2StUGZuYVrBcKe-1sWKelig6JNCVo0r7KC0hjsS3fikkjplIBKOe7Szqysp8D9kmvVCdW6dwiAEyH2yim-NyfqLDHJwgcCTXjUP-0zv6wdIHUKKB8jucpgZLR59_xig/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-08+at+22.20.13.png" /></a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwrqPU2YIFrf2ilAbEBtsj-lIsf1fAfqRBmV9n2K3azN2Y5datbblQKBs1_K5FMNtbiLE3po1GiIq83hvSDYLCXNTY0spzvy2QAoGA_BgZei9D3cqLXeGFgqv5YW9NoLA4nniy9g/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-08+at+22.21.11.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwrqPU2YIFrf2ilAbEBtsj-lIsf1fAfqRBmV9n2K3azN2Y5datbblQKBs1_K5FMNtbiLE3po1GiIq83hvSDYLCXNTY0spzvy2QAoGA_BgZei9D3cqLXeGFgqv5YW9NoLA4nniy9g/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-08+at+22.21.11.png" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
June 11, 1968, AP - Daily Press [Newport News, Virginia] page 17, <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/231134236/?terms=%22Voter%2BFraud%22">Jury Chosen In Voter Fraud Case</a>,<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguMvAzrlAwOv3m6m-kXMEobR9AP2k9OcDj_mplSwUf8ZusXZiVp5UdTC8uvReRH8wyMGmeHbIZIF4yRicHL8qQVbnkMTwIfYtH9FfMiunjRMQvgvD9AWza6w6iwbShc2Tt_Klxyw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-08+at+18.14.19.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguMvAzrlAwOv3m6m-kXMEobR9AP2k9OcDj_mplSwUf8ZusXZiVp5UdTC8uvReRH8wyMGmeHbIZIF4yRicHL8qQVbnkMTwIfYtH9FfMiunjRMQvgvD9AWza6w6iwbShc2Tt_Klxyw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-08+at+18.14.19.png" /></a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs9ndC12PHPwaQC_qzUcVp3u06wa7UZdt1fjGWQpofrwGVYyf-NLxLSeeqB5gHyEE3fIfpcXOwz9aidKV4iebVwVbGGWYs2Eb60YMsYV6YIVW1y24miR8vwdH1Rb-AfEwJtZ5MYg/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-08+at+18.16.16.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs9ndC12PHPwaQC_qzUcVp3u06wa7UZdt1fjGWQpofrwGVYyf-NLxLSeeqB5gHyEE3fIfpcXOwz9aidKV4iebVwVbGGWYs2Eb60YMsYV6YIVW1y24miR8vwdH1Rb-AfEwJtZ5MYg/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-08+at+18.16.16.png" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23873592.post-33564686605194130322017-04-12T21:48:00.002-04:002017-04-12T21:48:31.658-04:00November 18, 1952, New York Times, pages 1, 26, Desapio Clashes With Crime Panel; Silenced In Protest On 'Smear' Tactics; U.S. To Challenge Luchese Citizenship; Leader Is Aroused, by Meyer Berger, <span style="font-size: large;">November 18, 1952, New York Times, pages 1, 26, <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1952/11/18/92676360.html?pageNumber=1">Desapio Clashes With Crime Panel; Silenced In Protest On 'Smear' Tactics; U.S. To Challenge Luchese Citizenship; Leader Is Aroused</a>, by Meyer Berger, </span>[<a href="http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9C03E4D9113FE43ABC4052DFB7678389649EDE">PDF</a>]<br />
<br />
Carmine G. DeSapio, leader of Tammany Hall, brought a public New York State Crime Commission hearing close to uproar yesterday in attempts to put into the record a rebuttal of last week's hearing testimony on alleged gangster domination of his organition.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyndUWU_UPEqKLU2hWb3uX48XZaKG3P6QAM3OMCa8H6koDC1RyuXtY7Dcs1LYMZTI8Fug4BEQ3eXhrOia8yHVEbSxGWiCPA70RX2EmbDRKZGjbIPKYzc2z6GuYPKPy_sBCnyd2QA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+21.05.56.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyndUWU_UPEqKLU2hWb3uX48XZaKG3P6QAM3OMCa8H6koDC1RyuXtY7Dcs1LYMZTI8Fug4BEQ3eXhrOia8yHVEbSxGWiCPA70RX2EmbDRKZGjbIPKYzc2z6GuYPKPy_sBCnyd2QA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+21.05.56.png" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXkgYiG1EvgydR7FrQK9bYuR3e_w51VC7R4CCtwadVlcGtGM1tisupZ7ekINScvaUf2WpK545_1PoofRAyUk2W_-gsdL6TI0aJ_vkuWI80ESJzlAF2XI5nT9x2-RYypmtrgGd8UQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+21.09.44.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXkgYiG1EvgydR7FrQK9bYuR3e_w51VC7R4CCtwadVlcGtGM1tisupZ7ekINScvaUf2WpK545_1PoofRAyUk2W_-gsdL6TI0aJ_vkuWI80ESJzlAF2XI5nT9x2-RYypmtrgGd8UQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+21.09.44.png" /></a><br /><br /> <br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAvFSi3iRiq9bVX-WIxpohDPpETymP5dQiL8mTf_ZSRXYvQrmS-ZHXl7ilwVGBVMm73O9DVNePJ0HO1wBW9bAJTPFf3reYRx7SlpQxRmaGNd5peQB-xF39zM7wkomiZuyRQ1slIA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+21.11.55.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAvFSi3iRiq9bVX-WIxpohDPpETymP5dQiL8mTf_ZSRXYvQrmS-ZHXl7ilwVGBVMm73O9DVNePJ0HO1wBW9bAJTPFf3reYRx7SlpQxRmaGNd5peQB-xF39zM7wkomiZuyRQ1slIA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+21.11.55.png" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjldi2NG5TqGlSKz-WYYUv_lIbvfvDmugCOhoX1Ga6WSrtdhDOyZYq_iWqMpzU998cZuUrncY402s-7Z7bfXQyfSEOBaM1vrkbexeSyZL5QZ9u-JAZViXd15f4wAmfZFI1pQ-O83w/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+21.11.25.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjldi2NG5TqGlSKz-WYYUv_lIbvfvDmugCOhoX1Ga6WSrtdhDOyZYq_iWqMpzU998cZuUrncY402s-7Z7bfXQyfSEOBaM1vrkbexeSyZL5QZ9u-JAZViXd15f4wAmfZFI1pQ-O83w/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+21.11.25.png" /></a><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbXr9jS2_8yvc_9bVBbfh3oH-6NMDXI84Ij6ENHzOmnck7IkY43hVro1aNGofzvskv7cB98jysLX4qMDc0iiSeQpx15uWvRHlLX-FwVaLfiVtr9-we_8J0jSbZ6idwTE_sIIvaTg/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+21.13.07.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbXr9jS2_8yvc_9bVBbfh3oH-6NMDXI84Ij6ENHzOmnck7IkY43hVro1aNGofzvskv7cB98jysLX4qMDc0iiSeQpx15uWvRHlLX-FwVaLfiVtr9-we_8J0jSbZ6idwTE_sIIvaTg/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+21.13.07.png" /></a><br /><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg__eX6emoA-AD0b9P4dbmAfRgeItXwmqIrM8YQx3gQNAuPx-mvpVXpV8brylZYXyitBOgBiTB6EWamoPlo4OyMDNChR7uSFkItj1xUyLT6zNG4l1P60aHbtTF9dePhUzq-L06Xig/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+21.13.15.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg__eX6emoA-AD0b9P4dbmAfRgeItXwmqIrM8YQx3gQNAuPx-mvpVXpV8brylZYXyitBOgBiTB6EWamoPlo4OyMDNChR7uSFkItj1xUyLT6zNG4l1P60aHbtTF9dePhUzq-L06Xig/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+21.13.15.png" /></a><br /><br /><br />November 18, 1952, New York Times, pages 1, 27, <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1952/11/18/92676365.html?pageNumber=1">Rao, Lanza Knew Public Officials; Witnesses With Police Records Offer Further Evidence Here of Rackets-Politics Link</a>, by Emanuel Perlmutter, [<a href="http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9903E4D9113FE43ABC4052DFB7678389649EDE">PDF</a>]<br /><br />Further evidence of racketeer friendships with officials public was provided in the testimony of two witnesses with police records introduced at yesterday's open hearing of the State Crime Commission.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj_RXkSeWl8RIFXwpw-zNjS1H6ejs3dsIj6LlWf4_pr3qSDK55tFRraLIzb6gF0qpNn2E7D5C64M602gu6yYz9elNKtIVElO_n2qp-uaILwpbAakzMAWakvnDKlVW38KIbPoiZUA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+21.30.27.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj_RXkSeWl8RIFXwpw-zNjS1H6ejs3dsIj6LlWf4_pr3qSDK55tFRraLIzb6gF0qpNn2E7D5C64M602gu6yYz9elNKtIVElO_n2qp-uaILwpbAakzMAWakvnDKlVW38KIbPoiZUA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+21.30.27.png" /></a><br /><br /> <br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbX0kzxQ7ey_-9MnHs3wJSOsB1PPcXtqNv8f3AILSzU_Lx6icsjrIt_ClXF55T5OnwfkJgf8nRnbKYvwG90UiBF7xO2EYMBboc_kvHMbGRO5x53R2_PianEgIQdJUfxNb5Uf1UYw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+21.30.35.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbX0kzxQ7ey_-9MnHs3wJSOsB1PPcXtqNv8f3AILSzU_Lx6icsjrIt_ClXF55T5OnwfkJgf8nRnbKYvwG90UiBF7xO2EYMBboc_kvHMbGRO5x53R2_PianEgIQdJUfxNb5Uf1UYw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+21.30.35.png" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7q5fg6EyjyvovijaKNlKuQGZH1Tjy021kTL9sP_F-148qa3sTvoeA51rrGkaU_Jk5uIWJLxvSUMLUFSD-cESCLS8LTgWJusfWQaksIlAdGabzvC5rHtGnqCLc-_vL5qYGrqnhNA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+21.30.36.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7q5fg6EyjyvovijaKNlKuQGZH1Tjy021kTL9sP_F-148qa3sTvoeA51rrGkaU_Jk5uIWJLxvSUMLUFSD-cESCLS8LTgWJusfWQaksIlAdGabzvC5rHtGnqCLc-_vL5qYGrqnhNA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+21.30.36.png" /></a><br /><br /><br /><div>
November 18, 1952, New York Times, pages 1, 27, <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1952/11/18/92676362.html?pageNumber=1">M'Granery Acts to Deport Luchese to His Native Italy</a>, by Alexander Feinberg, [<a href="http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9E03E4D9113FE43ABC4052DFB7678389649EDE">PDF</a>] </div>
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYr2M-oYrPW6v8ds2ARf5J4TuEIVX9766I5jMakjOXlrqtcZdeLno6a0fKEFIwIT9NAfGiNQJjkKlpIc7bZo-m1jIzsSKflLTH2KVp69PNx-ShlvlGeIF8YAgDctFcg_a3d06GSA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+21.41.15.png" /><div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP4F7mZb0Oe43VD6tGe2i1aHiTaf-4BZQx3L_Na8swYHEviIN551z5WGvzc8GHgDEixDp1vtV8wv4PQYBCSSRAt3ZtkZYOb4x7CZ-E0RhIIedQuMtNt4APUyaFm6u8Q95YiEreIw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+21.38.53.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP4F7mZb0Oe43VD6tGe2i1aHiTaf-4BZQx3L_Na8swYHEviIN551z5WGvzc8GHgDEixDp1vtV8wv4PQYBCSSRAt3ZtkZYOb4x7CZ-E0RhIIedQuMtNt4APUyaFm6u8Q95YiEreIw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+21.38.53.png" /></a><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_NGmJukcXkGEFFfj3bHAYs-qI8-9HWhOpA-90skzkeweqpFhhHB2OcovoJAF7Xlj0adqIUIM9F06l71sdP6EKrwNccM8AL_210uaspOENo1q-Gd-Vj1HIJMmwnztlooAYhpGx3Q/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+21.40.50.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_NGmJukcXkGEFFfj3bHAYs-qI8-9HWhOpA-90skzkeweqpFhhHB2OcovoJAF7Xlj0adqIUIM9F06l71sdP6EKrwNccM8AL_210uaspOENo1q-Gd-Vj1HIJMmwnztlooAYhpGx3Q/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+21.40.50.png" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaQnAHdIZ38ibuQO58pKSOQw79EFeB_ucScKYc2xwYaBLbzKMRqtskcY9u3ac2niJdydqbne4K8MfWBDR97YRtHxRh70L7zaoimk0DI56hCriF4LcUSUSNtuMut1SvS-YMwVFi1Q/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+21.41.02.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaQnAHdIZ38ibuQO58pKSOQw79EFeB_ucScKYc2xwYaBLbzKMRqtskcY9u3ac2niJdydqbne4K8MfWBDR97YRtHxRh70L7zaoimk0DI56hCriF4LcUSUSNtuMut1SvS-YMwVFi1Q/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+21.41.02.png" /></a><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
</div>
StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23873592.post-10009428320600663192017-04-12T20:51:00.001-04:002017-04-12T20:51:47.671-04:00November 15, 1952, New York Times, pages 1, 11, Luchese Testifies To Social Contacts With Mayor, Judges, Political Chiefs; <div>
November 15, 1952, New York Times, pages 1, 11, <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1952/11/15/84367661.html?pageNumber=1">Luchese Testifies To Social Contacts With Mayor, Judges, Political Chiefs; Tammany Man Explains His $250,000; Gangster Is Heard; </a></div>
<div>
<a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1952/11/15/84367661.html?pageNumber=1">Helped by Chankalian in Bid for Pardon — Had Vote Right Restored ; Officials Are Defended; Crime Commission Head Says Mere Mention Should Not Be Considered Taint on Name</a>, by Meyer Berger, [<a href="http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D03E1D8103AE23BBC4D52DFB7678389649EDE">PDF</a>]</div>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><div>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<br />Luchese Testifies To Social Contacts With Mayor, Judges, Political Chiefs; Tammany Man Explains His $250,000;</span><div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Gangster Is Heard</span><br />Helped by Chankalian in Bid for Pardon — Had Vote Right Restored </div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Officials Are Defended; </span></div>
<div>
Crime Commission Head Says Mere Mention Should Not Be Considered Taint on Name,</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /><br />Thunderclap testimony disclosing warm social relationships between Thomas (Three Finger Brown) Luchese, underworld chief, and high Government officials was introduced yesterday at the State Crime Commission's public hearing into gangster - politician tie-ups. The session was held in the Supreme Court Building, where the hearing will be resumed Monday morning.<br /><br /><br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVyHEtYJUfisx_jyiD0sn2g8K57tkYAcA2BAD7TS1i2Kdp6yHeEfjLFNkPRXNeLfEcSfIsbYGulVPlWn2j89DNBb_VOLr4DHFHq2HdWYugFWh_LnwTvT5JmrwdYMzIUWA3HTe1rw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+20.27.37.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVyHEtYJUfisx_jyiD0sn2g8K57tkYAcA2BAD7TS1i2Kdp6yHeEfjLFNkPRXNeLfEcSfIsbYGulVPlWn2j89DNBb_VOLr4DHFHq2HdWYugFWh_LnwTvT5JmrwdYMzIUWA3HTe1rw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+20.27.37.png" /></a><br /><br /><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqK7hpLzjYMcoSL6szviN1ZZLPIxIt_tve5Nh4FnQ4zyxChqC9PJ9jPMr4wf3n3mLXRTcgD9EHqqr3JlRR2Se3HEP3QKye2PElwf3JLsmS7MWOuA8fV8wwDEDiM1sHhfrn9bUcZA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+20.17.40.png" /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjY-eKv-tvMSTrKPyevjF7BRvKxBMUohYF85vBi7BKTCBN_VQJy1FTCAupbpthyphenhyphen7L4wwI47ieWUn6OcRnyO1qVJdovglypZNm30rKIUnZy9sAk1XT60pUGUp6pubHh9ojIJwyrxQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+20.18.58.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjY-eKv-tvMSTrKPyevjF7BRvKxBMUohYF85vBi7BKTCBN_VQJy1FTCAupbpthyphenhyphen7L4wwI47ieWUn6OcRnyO1qVJdovglypZNm30rKIUnZy9sAk1XT60pUGUp6pubHh9ojIJwyrxQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+20.18.58.png" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbfB7ZKuP36PP3J76w1OZipAyNI5kRzS7t_51NFpk1f6j9-HMAU7Oc9EmF_-4ya-88Dn_u4_3BGkh0URA6HYmqS9P3dadEDAPji7dBoq8lqvUzljSqW7DxbUh1zO_njLvaBj1cnA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+20.19.10.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbfB7ZKuP36PP3J76w1OZipAyNI5kRzS7t_51NFpk1f6j9-HMAU7Oc9EmF_-4ya-88Dn_u4_3BGkh0URA6HYmqS9P3dadEDAPji7dBoq8lqvUzljSqW7DxbUh1zO_njLvaBj1cnA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+20.19.10.png" /></a><br /><br /> <br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCJM9BjoVONwzh-gSYXlZlqgMappERyxPk1MKOsbVcStp4xQyP0YZ-A0GDQ4ur2OUQQvE2iFteiARDvy2dPLPa6FsrxJk9UHm-is9JxMtLv5YkW866bXwIQH1oeo2hg-U2_P4fyA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+20.20.47.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCJM9BjoVONwzh-gSYXlZlqgMappERyxPk1MKOsbVcStp4xQyP0YZ-A0GDQ4ur2OUQQvE2iFteiARDvy2dPLPa6FsrxJk9UHm-is9JxMtLv5YkW866bXwIQH1oeo2hg-U2_P4fyA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+20.20.47.png" /></a><br /><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWbJ6jyKDL7Edjb2jQFY76C1vGczGTPyE9OV0BbfcQcAcSJxX7fxsbspPP3hiVD94gfniHGQvSTA-TUCQmIm7DrZDKNS0yCqpc1OPa0EYUO3MHZOWNBqckapcEtjdBWq_veDL39Q/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+20.36.07.png" /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-0obaKJtarLtweLEHFmTaNCcIhhb91z11Klcy5wRV2DLrV91uuwdszDlbDKAwmQ2J6UaPAnByaKz9nGwSOtL_hX8CV6Bzd8bP5K0_iX5UtObcYkTro0d0RB2CCvGN9mkxN5Yeiw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+20.21.36.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-0obaKJtarLtweLEHFmTaNCcIhhb91z11Klcy5wRV2DLrV91uuwdszDlbDKAwmQ2J6UaPAnByaKz9nGwSOtL_hX8CV6Bzd8bP5K0_iX5UtObcYkTro0d0RB2CCvGN9mkxN5Yeiw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+20.21.36.png" /></a><br /><br /> <br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQwDeUCwtrIVM6G1NRl50VL-4YA7JOoluCcgsFcpx5yw7HjaYdJ8vS_hSF3lAspBukdP9bZyCnb8wmJ-IOrwjN5CyXG3JEeyRqp58k41yNIUMyfgMUj4JWsD7yYMnIWcv4LPJjLQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+20.25.20.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQwDeUCwtrIVM6G1NRl50VL-4YA7JOoluCcgsFcpx5yw7HjaYdJ8vS_hSF3lAspBukdP9bZyCnb8wmJ-IOrwjN5CyXG3JEeyRqp58k41yNIUMyfgMUj4JWsD7yYMnIWcv4LPJjLQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+20.25.20.png" /></a><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /></div>
StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23873592.post-82926692670801872682017-04-12T20:10:00.002-04:002017-04-12T20:11:31.699-04:00"Myn Got dey will suck de very life's blood out of dat old sow, I never seen pigs suck so in all myn life. "<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT1aZSBGXU9Dx1pSBMy4LkoJDEKgSPEO7UXLjiMnxk9tpV9bYYzuOsXBVdm349icnc_tRHtQdULDjMDHeqcr55pX4fr-oG2JK_OxhupM4-QVGTHXHJMlZuwAuenU0-XROGvqvasw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+19.47.22.png" /><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Title: </b><a href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2008661292/">A Democratic voter</a>,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "open sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "open sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">Summary</span></div>
<br />
<dd style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left;">The artist satirizes the split in party loyalties between the Locofoco and Tammany factions of New York City Democrats. In particular he belittles the Irish immigrants widely recruited by the party at the time. The print may have appeared during the elections of 1836. An Irishman stands on a platform before two booths, one marked "Tammany Committee" and the other "Locofoco Committee," and says, "As I'm a hindependent Helector, I means to give my Vote according to conscience and him as Tips most!" Beyond the platform is a crowd of voters, one holding a sign "Vote for Hoxie" (Joseph Hoxie, a prominent figure in New York Whig politics).</dd><dd style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Contributor Names</span></dd><dd style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left;">Robinson, Henry R., -1850.</dd><dd style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left;">Sarony, Napoleon, 1821-1896.</dd><dd style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Created / Published</span></dd><dd style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left;">N.Y. : Pubd. by H.R. Robinson, 1836.</dd><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdL7sET4Et_B_BQBPvQd8XNTBSEAksVbayJFFM8ZjWmrnuUe2i7vBAk91C2CtJzbB1vALzfaSA211eaNr57DyZdHo3hQWXveFnubycCoUFXzVfKUvWmXj8NleITAYb2hCNN-OrRg/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+19.50.03.png" /><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Title:</b> <a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/cph.3a09167/">A gone case. A scene in Wall-Street</a>,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "open sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "open sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">Summary</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "open sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A comic scene representing two New York city political factions, the Whigs and the radical Democrats (or "Loco Focos"), as scuffling newsboys. The scene takes place before the half-built Customs House, where several newsboys and a black chimney sweep are gathered watching a scrap involving a ragged youth selling "loco foco" matches and another newsboy. The match-seller raises his fist and threatens, "Oh! you d---d Whiggy." The latter, striking him, "I'll loco poke you." On the left three of the newsboys hold Democratic newspapers the "New York Evening Post" and the "New Era," and a copy of radical reformer Frances ("Fanny") Wright's lectures. One says, with a sidelong glance at the unfortunate match-seller, "I told him he had better not fight." The chimney sweep taunts them, "Does Fanny know you're out?" On the right, a second group of newsboys, holding copies of Whig journals, the "Transcript, Morning Courier and New York Enquirer, Gazette," and the "Evening Star," cheer on the winning fighter.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "open sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "open sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">Contributor Names</span></div>
<br />
<dd style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left;">Robinson, Henry R., -1850.</dd><dd style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Created / Published</span></dd><dd style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left;">N.Y. : Printed & publd. by H.R. Robinson, 1836.</dd><dd style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left;"><br /></dd><dd style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left;"><br /></dd><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-jFWKxuIP0xuICuLrqubczu7SxMZiSkrs9cFtJ003GQZMTjO65slzNNyZUvmO6fTGsE8y3kWiv4pYxJmQs6lE3RTw-rGPTC2RotUo_5ejOpDI9XSw9p5rDRhp6ZJipz15NcRZEA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+20.02.24.png" /><dd style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px;"></dd>
<dt style="margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "open sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b>Title: </b></span></span><a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/cph.3b37763/">Going the whole hog</a>, </span></dt>
<dt style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 1.5rem; text-align: left;">Summary</dt>
<dd style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left;">Martin Van Buren's New York political favorites are represented as piglets suckled by a giant sow "The Empire State." The artist's pointed reference is to the exploitation of New York State by the President and his supporters. The piglets nursed by the sow bear the names "The Regency" and "Tammany Hall" (popular names for the state and city Democratic machines respectively), "Weigh master General," the names of various patronage positions and of banks friendly to the administration, and the "Safety Fund." On the left other piglets, representing applications for bank charters and government offices and "The Times," await the sleeping sow's attention. Van Buren (left) and a stout Dutchman (a stereotyped character often used to represent New York State) look on. Van Buren: Was ever man blest with such a fine old sow and litter of pigs! They have made me the greatest man in the Union, and even follow me every where! Dutchman: Myn Got dey will suck de very life's blood out of dat old sow, I never seen pigs suck so in all myn life. Got for damn such a breed! Myn Vrow would not have dem on de farm.</dd>
<dt style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 1.5rem; text-align: left;">Contributor Names</dt>
<dd style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left;">Robinson, Henry R., -1850.</dd>
<dt style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 1.5rem; text-align: left;">Created / Published</dt>
<dd style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left;">New York : Printed and published by H.R. Robinson, 1837.</dd><dd style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left;"><br /></dd><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBqLB-Ijtiv1GcLChwWRqlAFV8ocyLmOgFX_0l8kfkMattGtop56V6lh8RNz5JZTwb_IRqCYxtEvMH_3t01op_dzI5LBkbddNlthPoSq9AH2_B4Kx-HotB0ny_Z6xOnijgjrDvQw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+20.06.16.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBqLB-Ijtiv1GcLChwWRqlAFV8ocyLmOgFX_0l8kfkMattGtop56V6lh8RNz5JZTwb_IRqCYxtEvMH_3t01op_dzI5LBkbddNlthPoSq9AH2_B4Kx-HotB0ny_Z6xOnijgjrDvQw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+20.06.16.png" /></a></div>
<br />
<dd style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left;"><br /></dd><dd style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px;"></dd>
<dt style="margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "open sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">Title: </span><a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/cph.3b31199/">Loco Foco persecution, or custom house, versus caricatures</a>,</span></dt>
<dt style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 1.5rem; text-align: left;">Summary</dt>
<dd style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left;">A satire on the publisher's own troubles with the Democratic establishment in New York. In his print shop Henry R. Robinson is confronted by an unidentified man (center, arms crossed) who says, "I am determined this d---d Whig concern shall be shut up till after the Election." The man may be city surveyor and inspector Eli Moore. Robinson, standing with his back to a stove and holding a purse marked "$141," thumbs his nose and retorts, "Does Jesse Hoyt [Democratic strongman and collector of the port] know you're out?" The Custom House was the center of Democratic political control in New York. Robinson, a Whig, apparently ran afoul of the Democrats by his caricatures of Governor William L. Marcy. Marcy had recently been widely criticized for his handling of the Bamber case (see "Executive Mercy/Marcy and the Bambers," no. 1838-5). Two newsboys on the left ask, "Have you got any more of the Bamber Caricatures?" and "I want some more of your Whig Caricatures." Two men stand at the right, waiting to serve a notice of "Distress for Rent in Arrear." One of them says, "I'm afraid we sha'nt get our Rent." A shop clerk watches from behind the counter.</dd>
<dt style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 1.5rem; text-align: left;">Contributor Names</dt>
<dd style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left;">Clay, Edward Williams, 1799-1857.</dd><dd style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left;">Dacre, Henry, approximately 1820-</dd><dd style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left;">Robinson, Henry R., -1850.</dd>
<dt style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 1.5rem; text-align: left;">Created / Published</dt>
<dd style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left;">N.Y. : Printed & publd. by H.R. Robinson, 1838.</dd><dd style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left;"><br /></dd><dd style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left;"><br /></dd>StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23873592.post-24162508388434701992017-04-12T06:07:00.001-04:002017-04-12T06:15:57.239-04:001840 Election Frauds<br />
<br />
Oct. 30, 1840, Hartford Courant, page 2<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiznuk5a6gAXzN_DP5o90d3ntJBUakB_xMYJNsdOx3xgkdX9GuMlRgjV2mZ4QWLyPabv0f7xvmJ_Q1nqX8x2A2qUR-EQ6MP56Hejmf4Br_gVlAlSWm0pkrE55sO7a9-6-tfyrN9_Q/s1600/Oct.+30%252C+1840%252C+Hartford+Courant%252C+page+2.png" /><br />
<br />
Oct. 30, 1840, Public Ledger, page 1a<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8h-CySU1N2snNdiQHsdRsI-jjKzG2-wRVGeEfZ5l72gOLGwSr181cqHsHJh6lbtxl-JzJuQyAKeTqYfX8ig6ylSaLQnyKRygQZ0HaM9Y43j5vBZ3Pnuh0HQO77XlfQDspMBDN0g/s1600/Oct.+30%252C+1840%252C+Public+Ledger%252C+page+1aa.png" /><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVuW-D-dX7nTqg8_NRp29w-G-JDmD_TvTiYlDb6nO8nZqWcpGF6YrMhKsWrjDojzCHBlwnxBLUnJFGF95fSzHaYh-eUIMiRPKlSriqNGM4g6Oi3zoXZZGQNzEEsgj9H-jPG_F_aw/s1600/Oct.+30%252C+1840%252C+Public+Ledger%252C+page+1ab.png" /><br />
<br />
Oct. 30, 1840, Public Ledger, page 1b<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0cDND4ZLCNm00K1KQFbalhtlGOKOk0B9kopUNZTU00lI0K3o65jrJZaU6DYq2MdvKFGdEXTEhya0frI2gf0U1kxbVB2tb0IpPxYAebPQ8C3fFtVAoDnR9-B-g6Omd2_-cE3O2rQ/s1600/Oct.+30%252C+1840%252C+Public+Ledger%252C+page+1b.png" /><br />
<br />
The Baltimore Sun (Baltimore, Maryland) · Fri, Oct 30, 1840 · Page 2,<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMLoINsBpG7by_-1PsnmRr3VLT2UwC0zGph8HyBxPRnzqDlb4yFlY6ZEshG4CUNQ8P5e7IjDbqYXjO7rWMzLkwDiA8_eHPdxPMcSA_UZyA0IgY91-d-B8zRTE9rZ0eeALT6x9smA/s1600/Oct.+30%252C+1840%252C+The+Baltimore+Sun%252C+page+2.png" /><br />
<br />
Oct 31, 1840, The Evening Post, page 2a<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5Me9rlwyjmrv4HHzsrVvnVerCoqQJjWyE4vU2ePDnMUmPbzhzCVEcBz6O9E2IMZevqxY4wlSGW3ts57pmgy-r-zgGe0GFDjrPfVCAntJEg9304H2IHv6EBvO-5eKn-SOVR2ij5Q/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+04.27.46.png" /><br />
<br />
Oct. 31, 1840, Boston Post, page 2a<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRyRCzRSoum1TA711t4Tw4BFCeP3-K3Iri7bkSSWnRV2psb08N1K1vyXcwswCIru61cYuExUv1SxkyKWH-so9HnDXHHgmZUYc7r-0QZDl1Mig18ChkauGRDt0rjqZyZdFfE3x9hQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+04.21.17.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRyRCzRSoum1TA711t4Tw4BFCeP3-K3Iri7bkSSWnRV2psb08N1K1vyXcwswCIru61cYuExUv1SxkyKWH-so9HnDXHHgmZUYc7r-0QZDl1Mig18ChkauGRDt0rjqZyZdFfE3x9hQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+04.21.17.png" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLheooGDil3okwL2PRXHAEK7MpBcmllJNN1bEkT4xBKTgF2Cx9Zxw5KEqvSNREyWc82uHJiNWi3gav-PjPntaXqy8Xn92yaHpybWoKxXp-V3x95gGyG-TwnfdCKJ5gChyeYIoYaQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+04.22.00.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLheooGDil3okwL2PRXHAEK7MpBcmllJNN1bEkT4xBKTgF2Cx9Zxw5KEqvSNREyWc82uHJiNWi3gav-PjPntaXqy8Xn92yaHpybWoKxXp-V3x95gGyG-TwnfdCKJ5gChyeYIoYaQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+04.22.00.png" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-3ozkICcXCzTSOj_kbCkHaP6H-SMsAkYUptDpzhVuCWiHUCm3Wn8K4evhSvdQ3WDhs8L8w3wbH4GDsZb9t1644C7p4z31IbiG1Ur4bVXH3LwI8JDv6RTeY8EbDav1Ns67_Jasdg/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+04.22.11.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-3ozkICcXCzTSOj_kbCkHaP6H-SMsAkYUptDpzhVuCWiHUCm3Wn8K4evhSvdQ3WDhs8L8w3wbH4GDsZb9t1644C7p4z31IbiG1Ur4bVXH3LwI8JDv6RTeY8EbDav1Ns67_Jasdg/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+04.22.11.png" /></a><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Oct. 31, 1840, Boston Post, page 2b<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi41FRg54EdY_lj7nlSqJ9pDIzayTMn6h2Y4V7viWdZKNWBNB1eLstqvFEpSi5Vw18BaW3M4bd2KcUG2guxD9mlSOPwoogO2mPxWXGQCk6yyemagZhYEnIyJ9vRheZgdbK7VtgRaw/s1600/Oct.+31%252C+1840%252C+Boston+Post%252C+page+2b.png" /><br />
<br />
Buffalo Commercial Advertiser (Buffalo, New York) · Wed, Oct 31, 1838 · Page 2,<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm32k-T3421NZUX1sxjLERf8KI35kNTRgIjmkHF9sRvVzPM-WDK0cDNRYdw0uA8vkpdNIjaMbKqMObIro6i5Hj6Q12EiqPX5HjUHyDScRCpJeDYBiDJAodN9tD2eTwWCD5g2WafQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+04.15.09.png" /><br />
<br />
Commercial Advertiser and Journal (Buffalo, New York) · Sat, Oct 31, 1840 · Page 2,<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd0c4SLcAnMefr7XLY-qPCy5TxQzvft3L0Nk1rngu5kH0zhhZOZwDeOMMLS25bgl-U75cu0xuczmX15mMb_2v1sziQURU8BKlo9dK-Cju3uSIzFaZEvzanrg5SOq9YcZwW-iQLqw/s1600/Oct.+31%252C+1840%252C+Commercial+Advertiser+and+Journal%252C+page+2a.png" /><br />
<br />
Commercial Advertiser and Journal (Buffalo, New York) · Sat, Oct 31, 1840 · Page 2,<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXMB5gVuzK9eKqKG_-hz07-6b2ers44nfVC4n0JAVk0B835O4o91kwJSW1dOwQ5lbQ8n1lAKE0BxjuVsidOJpp6HTh4UgaORHe9XdntoIwWHJSXYgys9Q2kNFmrULupOq_u1xOQw/s1600/Oct.+31%252C+1840%252C+Commercial+Advertiser+and+Journal%252C+page+2b.png" /><br />
<br />
Sunbury American (Sunbury, Pennsylvania) · Sat, Oct 31, 1840 Page 2,<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAA6wv0fQ-BMwAHovFi_ituwCntW9ZpZSqy8ToDw68l_M_D_qaLOPAR9extdYcQr7OaDgLHaDy6zf9L0HN_jIiu0IxHkkt3GcvW3z2PWaiRGEkDP1GbFGTwDar7QOHQIosYdkzSw/s1600/Oct.+31%252C+1840%252C+Sunbury+American%252Cpage+2a.png" /><br />
<br />
The Columbia Democrat (Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania) · Sat, Oct 31, 1840 · Page 3,<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTfloS9IYzw4mKOMLRKIhXoV3kbSdFQsxD5nCU7-9UNEDSHMLId7qn2eYHax-AHzg-oOHTJJ3HTeYQZ3oh4gPsqFWRldroCIqFF6JQt1nFHvmkM2TBTYJLj8p__Je0Bbbse1LCRA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+03.57.57.png" /><br />
<br />
Newbern Spectator (New Bern, North Carolina) · Sat, Oct 31, 1840 · Page 3<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVgblv_Bx8i58KJITjJecHvwRerZ0rxm29JbR4ZIB1STal2nMI-qMg89eT16bVF_HA2YRBxtEvGcD0MYUdLve4Ta2d3b4H4AhhGmbfbqk5rFS1Q_wMpgPFKwvVaubdL4OpIh5UpA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+03.56.11.png" /><br />
<br />
Newbern Spectator (New Bern, North Carolina) · Sat, Oct 31, 1840 · Page 3<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRuPLWHZK1OTJmMpDbfsRq3O2kDYzVaEhdJZU-iV0FvmB7zIIP-d2AKjoFoNqZ2dVrS0OgNRn_MEE9pPKcDAP5WgmwOdQstBoFfW1zqZSUrCRrs_jAF-b60bN6Na9lw-URItSP5w/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+03.53.36.png" /><br />
<br />
The Baltimore Sun (Baltimore, Maryland) · Sat, Oct 31, 1840, page 2,<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYzpexmC-PoP1dZOgGk6er-ciT40AS2XihU_ACET1A_cdMTBWcn07mmp6iozVf1jazlsUuq7PBdmV5IfUiqffPaXlJynRp57AD74U1WzHw4l8NAlk6wllYXDmkSwZk9lg4eNnW9A/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+03.49.35.png" /><br />
<br />
The Baltimore Sun (Baltimore, Maryland) · Sat, Oct 31, 1840, page 2,<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4WFARKy0OXScoMfmhhLKHyK3DKuDrVCzB-NJ8pWTgx0CWIJMZ6Ai5jwpQBwkPSr5cFEUKUfgPxhtQAbOumAPRdx1UP9f5y88sFAkee73VAmHGzFRnbkHUVBb9ChkkKHeXtp9bLw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+03.46.26.png" /><br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/34582699/?terms=%22Election%2BFraud%22">The Baltimore Sun, Baltimore, Maryland, Saturday</a>,<br />
October 31, 1840 - Page 1,<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD-xQD9CTVcub3ybHH4QRne3bFw4el_N-hkWWQeIulLgLLdLZj_8yFcIBX9WLrlPjTbWPEaMhUkf3ArJYcbbq_lxO_s6l8NwyLIuAngMurv1h7GqJ3PBa0atXAZtE68rFKzLtKfA/s1600/Oct.+31%252C+1840The+Baltimore+Sun%252C+page+1a.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD-xQD9CTVcub3ybHH4QRne3bFw4el_N-hkWWQeIulLgLLdLZj_8yFcIBX9WLrlPjTbWPEaMhUkf3ArJYcbbq_lxO_s6l8NwyLIuAngMurv1h7GqJ3PBa0atXAZtE68rFKzLtKfA/s1600/Oct.+31%252C+1840The+Baltimore+Sun%252C+page+1a.png" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1z_W9E4B8g0McRCIXrbnMaq8c8ONEEadC9yT0ddKSQJRtfdJLVqTVIvDBVyarkMOXzQHIcWNA9Inghdl9ozh1mTZ8lvHg9t56npwCohEktiisIueWhII8hokhnYdFpi9mRM9itA/s1600/Oct.+31%252C+1840The+Baltimore+Sun%252C+page+1b.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1z_W9E4B8g0McRCIXrbnMaq8c8ONEEadC9yT0ddKSQJRtfdJLVqTVIvDBVyarkMOXzQHIcWNA9Inghdl9ozh1mTZ8lvHg9t56npwCohEktiisIueWhII8hokhnYdFpi9mRM9itA/s1600/Oct.+31%252C+1840The+Baltimore+Sun%252C+page+1b.png" /></a><br />
<br />
Nov. 2, 1840, The Baltimore Sun, page 4a<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXDuVDiM3Hvpznsf0U-oDFLlt_XPR1h0mVPBJJJNwVNLu6Fgj_UE8pBh2xoKpBIVCWlkE_YGURE-teoKaSx52bSASu_qFgFAUlO5iyvkSu7A7fma5wcrko8g1FQquIivERo-QSdQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+04.47.07.png" /><br />
<br />
Nov. 2, 1840, Detroit Free Press, page 2b<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguJOfb4Hdg0s73L789s5aF1XBYxaJtp4QgCatSHiDroJuHTvrFaDYow1vphZIcAyRK2yExQd0MX5Efa2ZnFn4MB3ijiGH7uLTiDGtslgMxefLyDJ9pzTXoV0yH7v0tbgEqi1_eNQ/s1600/Nov.+2%252C1840%252CDetroit+Free+Press%252C+page+2b.png" /><br />
<br />
Nov. 2, 1840, Hartford Courant, page 2<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisQRgvUUHDWyFNwacM-FLAyHl6S1DKQ7VlFsUdSGQ3rC14c-FL93ml5hUgYiLMfAFeEyPrdNtTWvAL-mdrHvcjGk2atUNKZohRPvt4oFcoNpJI4BZWoixrGbfQUPltrEh62uMPqg/s1600/Nov.+2%252C+1840%252CHartford+Courant%252C+page+2.png" /><br />
<br />
Nov. 2, 1840, The Pittsburgh Gazette, page 2b<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaqLr0T_IsZ9ci4NMS2UUUJAoSvngmAgWyEaNtRXtemxMnM8CUZBUitwOQJoe6o4QI6xxpHlyjyH27UROu-93UAc6ZchP9QSuNPvwN0jGTzNqy9WBIPymLivcWpk-xx3x9-rv_1g/s1600/Nov.+2%252C+1840%252C+The+Pittsburgh+Gazette%252C+page+2b.png" /><br />
<br />
Nov. 2, 1840, The Pittsburgh Gazette, page 2<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheIGhEgeQHG2GiKb5FUtrbSJOCeSXjM1-9Sa7mRJLwG6Hi8DTJ6sDmfuYCpA0nFC58HjrjUuIR492MViddkmYOvlud0hFfyA0FeXcI2I4WKKcWdV42g6BAR8LAvtJeExh7eHwlIg/s1600/Nov.+2%252C+1840%252C+The+Pittsburgh+Gazette%252C+page+2.png" /><br />
<br />
Nov. 2, 1840, Public Ledger, page 2c<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYX3oN2uYuxO44JD7maeKYaLk19xDcJBblY7cIGwrx8KedhvPyt3UydHUq5ShFEm4qeGGqg7uqx4F7t7V2x5YXm25GFrPuYKFxgjDfQNBor8XibvJ9ASXkPt049_2cBI-do0s_Ig/s1600/Nov.+2%252C+1840%252C+Public+Ledger%252C+page+2c.png" /><br />
<br />
Nov. 2, 1840, Public Ledger, page 2a<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_bx1SUPgdct-faH0ba5UNsPjj5-EfnTklkEM9ui8vOep5cINu8kDALNjBrxVXNtUkRS4dDr50A-mbGMo890Z_d4AstclllbTXfu_2tDidV1QTv6vngqE5pa5zr01rAljZ8DwoZg/s1600/Nov.+2%252C+1840%252C+Public+Ledger%252C+page+2a.png" /><br />
<br />
Nov. 2, 1840, The Baltimore Sun, page 1c<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrD_H37ti1qMIrc8DgtXaxXaBb4jdG94fu_2t6HoAnLhqWVhtGahomEtaND1h_g3lau6jI03eumJNi24hdDoUpE_puYM6XVxX3n7DTY53Ue_uxoKTz5DkK13DVwaKjbh8LnMLHtg/s1600/Nov.+2%252C+1840%252C+Nov.2%252C+1840The+Baltimore+Sun%252C+page+1c.png" /><br />
<br />
Nov. 2, 1840, The Baltimore Sun, page 1b<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYYQxIw7ixqR5kQlRgXk8Z0eOTiGDN3K0xEOv2tshgMWSTVZv7nYsNElbs3ej38LoNnTJwPV2V5oiz5IuOk_2c804J0dqHUMfVTwyocs3cuNAyFNwRhd4MmTbmpp-vl42kgwyqYQ/s1600/Nov.2%252C+1840The+Baltimore+Sun%252C+page+1b.png" /><br />
<br />
Nov. 2, 1840, The Baltimore Sun, page 1a<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEvGs3wXjsYorWcNznmuMbbscTesUswLDTUbKWahiZzX6SmVj8RqZAFuYmP1VEaiACszS4j1qISctMzuoE4fcabFX_ByO4ep80SYKl6VdfTGStjJJlJmcSqDJLWCqr36ChItPo-g/s1600/Nov.+2%252C+1840The+Baltimore+Sun%252C+page+1a.png" /><br />
<br />
Nov. 2, 1840, Hartford Courant, page 2b<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiacXcdgOJ5fCJtyru1qC6_-upP8iOlcwvCDaGjtlS2KK37CGQJ_pEdc6obO_BLGpaKKvu7KrbofYcV0u1BBhyphenhyphen4Emd5wHtmAgutOnXKLt2HBl5c7QNXDZAfFewDSfgAojUbHxJ_5Q/s1600/Nov.+2%252C+1840%252C+Hartford+Courant%252C+page+2b.png" /><br />
<br />
Nov. 2, 1840, Detroit Free Press, page 2e<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt1ySPQg-srunTQcBdtBmlT7PrVQ7E95iSGxsv4eoOVsWWBvbmyc90knF1zCItylubeG-wsn1kopY0juVzXclT_evDjZPNv7Lfn_CkdsMS7-amgSx2XeiuuyBFeAMAJJJp7_uUzA/s1600/Nov.+2%252C+1840%252C+Detroit+Free+Press%252C+page+2e.png" /><br />
<br />
Nov. 2, 1840, Detroit Free Press, page 2d<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilLifOqCpBjS95VbZq3DKxJ07vkLxY6qNZP-h7S4AfgkeAbrVLm48v4bkkhNlyiXby_up8pLnulyPaXAOUrOVhqB1wGnmnkYubEUS_f0IX1n8CMzjtj5VKt_HHJkxKRZaPVteLKA/s1600/Nov.+2%252C+1840%252C+Detroit+Free+Press%252C+page+2d.png" /><br />
<br />
Nov. 2, 1840, Detroit Free Press, page 2c<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjYd77r6cxUdkY2t8aDK4m-N32wJip8rVfYGTN1Yvv_z09Gyf_TN7MFR3ZKOGtoUcxkHtN0rOV9QQka2oWBQX1YE3uxtGWwwI9mGmz_XMeESEwTY2sT1gmikMyAKiEqzsmwsM67A/s1600/Nov.+2%252C+1840%252C+Detroit+Free+Press%252C+page+2c.png" /><br />
<br />
Nov. 2, 1840, Detroit Free Press, page 2a<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJmpBfoEGohqseK5gXIK1Ha3gD9paZK03vt8TOkmwClvbDNZSbA5A8AmPZHHWF7IeKY0bJfSHmRh_svPCr5wdWeAy40C9QkM4RrpoXWOTq8RxdrjZn6DFmEisXHNOBsJE6hzzGQA/s1600/Nov.+2%252C+1840%252C+Detroit+Free+Press%252C+page+2a.png" /><br />
<br />
Nov. 2, 1840, Commercial Advertiser, page 2d<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiql-J4EAHeybMtlxja53njOSwZisyz5FfSzipiHjMzZOXOqGJLIqdULr1XgFFqD63kmjyn-l2b8GdnLRcqpBwjn5D_eyad0MaeenQ_8sWelipWXVXETZIr1NT9YaPJwaNifzPaFw/s1600/Nov.+2%252C+1840%252C+Commercial+Advertiser%252C+page+2d.png" /><br />
<br />
Nov. 2, 1840, Commercial Advertiser, page 2c<br />
<img border="0" height="518" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_MlorLrCzK2tRBj9K_kvatSLbCZuvNrNzUhTHVlXUa-kJl3QCAhvZ_Cdx0OOi1_OA7VpD8xJU3hTfhopDx-JRaEufvZ3b6ZTyPaYA9TEsXV3230coZQxFV4FgUtOhkitPrj8FBQ/s640/Nov.+2%252C+1840%252C+Commercial+Advertiser%252C+page+2c.png" width="640" /><br />
<br />
Nov. 2, 1840, Commercial Advertiser, page 2b<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTygwJgETHxDKFPvD-McdD-BJiAMPg0HNTThjafD1REZYiuONTmem0e6Z4O7DEoamN-xJDby8ujlD3QtKR5dmFLwzZs5ASx946Y6eRp_ioy7vNyoTL42tdHJzsBPXwFHgsEGh4WQ/s1600/Nov.+2%252C+1840%252C+Commercial+Advertiser%252C+page+2b.png" /><br />
<br />
Nov. 2, 1840, Commercial Advertiser, page 2a<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBEBDC09Ao5t_BlN5wL_sfkXZZ41FQR2-vsU2mxwHFLmkOpoVgV63PZ8oY_wJis7ZtS6Q0n1bjV-i7BlKLtP66xYSljj28kjXlaXlI3xQvDb0spU06i9HbZPyidnSqYsHuF6l-Zg/s1600/Nov.+2%252C+1840%252C+Commercial+Advertiser%252C+page+2a.png" /><br />
<br />
Nov. 2, 1840, Boston Post, page 2a<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkSUbDfJAQxkviAYOZ9_8Ah8FWg4nBnYRfj0HPyI3H-7MJwnHCzYwaq-_Ic09zH122o9Q4M6U6lpa7w677aKmuuutrDVrSxOpbehOU1wcQlddpW3gR6q5Gc9UEDYZxRrRaY_1txg/s1600/Nov.+2%252C+1840%252C+Boston+Post%252C+page+2a.png" /><br />
<br />
Nov. 3, 1940, The Evening Post, page 2<br />
<img border="0" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZO2UOJEtpyHqdEGXoGqiXvN-jnmsVj270qJZ7f7OSVUZpkXZ1GsO1MG_7l39UpRA5rgNZPV3xOyz8uCoqxzkj0_TAHKiB0H0_8v223e7pcBnHsAvdgBhtnuQKzY2WqBXkiJd27w/s640/Screenshot+2017-04-12+at+04.48.52.png" width="640" /><br />
<br />
Nov. 3, 1840, page 3, Election Frauds, Votes Imported<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSbIQgn9PXVamkPTpnfZGlyQc_9ZuIzOkIEC3Bwn2IUJQ2Pj3T0bXa2L_iqwGrA_tzaSQsH0yrxHaaeHxOm3SqhLiqvttXiX75QfI9hyYqo2vBMHffU5AuYkejWz1oKey9eJiyHg/s1600/Nov.+3%252C+1840%252C+page+3%252C+Election+Frauds%252C+Votes+Imported.png" /><br />
<br />
Nov. 3, 1840, page 2, The Times Picayune<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW2BivlbUZjinjpkXqlHtBZNaJWKdbg8PbKOY9Vr2FWplpuf7OrYD_ZcLE640Qhd9I65HMjs3cxMzbJe9P-m0bUjoKy_wiTVdhRnGpaCEYcGrK-4FbFa0dXz1tjLMW26CfNYdhIw/s1600/Nov.+3%252C+1840%252C+page+2%252C+The+Times+Picayune.png" /><br />
<br />
Nov. 3, 1840, Democratic Standard, page 2<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWgONW46iVAN2waXQH4BjFzd13txeql5djP624R1nYHW10RNpDQ2yalaKW9lrwP8UMc5bIWW0xUDbRiPeQo_C8L5heqN3LBq5q6iCIG5PWvyUVVfk1nyZOf6xE3ub-VEZq0ENkgw/s1600/Nov.+3%252C+1840%252C+Dewmocratic+Standard%252C+page+2.png" /><br />
<br />
Nov. 3, 1840, Gettysburg Compiler, page 2a<br />
<img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzBbZmEPL2Z6cRwHNkA_kaqK2YBhAghfrJ8lLUZzmKuDvf5ni3xh6KHloTzm82iOHLnPQfEoWwY2LWRpnBtfOphghGAD3Pf8gSpzJE1oBu8Rw7_OyanvhcL3GipsXA7ynO0QlABA/s640/Nov.+3%252C+1840%252CGettysburg+Compiler%252Cpage+2a.png" width="585" /><br />
<br />
Nov. 3, 1840, Gettysburg Compiler, page 2e<br />
<img border="0" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPjZC-kaGJx-0cemwpdstccGKl8WyVKMT4gRXQSeMnZLbyPVKl6Gp3oM_tObDzSTbyEtETvZg3PsJzZWyRwnWtp6-kGkUNNTnthVLyptEH2RZNiXrc1VBhmR_Oe_EbZqs2koT7Dw/s640/Nov.+3%252C+1840%252C+Gettysburg+Compiler%252C+page+2e.png" width="640" /><br />
<br />
Nov. 3, 1840, Gettysburg Compiler, page 2d<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLWRRsfiqqC-53BaD2m59wADgDJTmUssf5uF8i_EYVExQ9plbhYJNGv6TbgcFCSUYaZhWruYbrDuLIABZRV5Eu28bjMhRwLfpYHTXVmI0XeJSuKLUSKiD5WvTBeLIxxhVXotF3kQ/s1600/Nov.+3%252C+1840%252C+Gettysburg+Compiler%252C+page+2d.png" /><br />
<br />
Nov. 3, 1840, Gettysburg Compiler, page 2c<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPBheHWboT5fpEUMG5BozsBRPTXnj43nZ5i0DnXCIEKK7mTKHQ980d-B8Ba-mUc76voYKYwVUdODRatGhofHPKEN9EzBj8JiqAhBYhOYUKLNW3O2byk8qyoOTlV6_p0wnlEmZqQg/s1600/Nov.+3%252C+1840%252C+Gettysburg+Compiler%252C+page+2c.png" /><br />
<br />
Nov. 3, 1840, Gettysburg Compiler, page 2b<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8FmB_cKUmmdyJJHYHlolDGabpYEg6hbJvFWxVlHzFgIrble92oKi-royAjM_hfIR-K_LLqbrMYU-Gf6x-WpBEmbS42YFJp1fDAY1bAcFMC6_C_giVr4_OzaDz6JL24rzYD5iSOA/s1600/Nov.+3%252C+1840%252C+Gettysburg+Compiler%252C+page+2b.png" /></div>
StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23873592.post-63222238867269390892017-04-11T16:56:00.003-04:002017-04-11T16:56:59.788-04:00February 9, 1972, New York Times, Nader Suit Says Justice Department Encourages Election Fraud, by Ben A. Franklin,February 9, 1972, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A01E4DF143AE73ABC4153DFB4668389669EDE">Nader Suit Says Justice Department Encourages Election Fraud</a>, by Ben A. Franklin,<br />
<br />
WASHINGTON, Feb. 8 -- The Justice Department was accused in a lawsuit by a Ralph Nader group today of permitting and even "encouraging" nearly half a century of such "wholesale, widespread and flagrant" violations of Federal election laws that the Government itself had become the chief protector "corruption, fraud and dishonesty" in the financing of Presidential and Congressional campaigns. <br />
<br />
<a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?res=9A01E4DF143AE73ABC4153DFB4668389669EDE">View original in TimesMachine</a>,<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimfnfNa1LsFR9lCL-rdrzfgOWUdl9aYlhe06xiAhW_B8YQrs1DHUaF2p52qeeKGbzVqz126_xDKdqEherlRq4fXEYDnm-X6WYeG9w588t-Bl7FCRaX5V3CdhTvBd9BunvUA7mdYw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-11+at+16.45.14.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimfnfNa1LsFR9lCL-rdrzfgOWUdl9aYlhe06xiAhW_B8YQrs1DHUaF2p52qeeKGbzVqz126_xDKdqEherlRq4fXEYDnm-X6WYeG9w588t-Bl7FCRaX5V3CdhTvBd9BunvUA7mdYw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-11+at+16.45.14.png" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5EFuwNn2I2EdnzWvjgTgz5p62aoi_YpdYhvfnvnhOo3Ulh0uVtqk_URof0mHX38brgaLGiGzMx64GL0OBsTopD7TvflfWTfRcvlg_NQ5LpgXpD3QXzzp8Tw-8xoWiR9eZPW0A0g/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-11+at+16.45.36.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5EFuwNn2I2EdnzWvjgTgz5p62aoi_YpdYhvfnvnhOo3Ulh0uVtqk_URof0mHX38brgaLGiGzMx64GL0OBsTopD7TvflfWTfRcvlg_NQ5LpgXpD3QXzzp8Tw-8xoWiR9eZPW0A0g/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-11+at+16.45.36.png" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23873592.post-77353460323537626912017-04-09T21:01:00.001-04:002017-04-09T21:10:06.058-04:00Abe Rosenthal and Generoso Pope Jr. Bedded Down In the Same Paragraph! Extra!<span style="font-size: large;">November 14, 1952, New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=940DEED9103AE23BBC4C52DFB7678389649EDE">Leaders Of Tammany Admit Close Links To Racketeers As State Opens Crime Study; Silent On Incomes; Costello, Luchese Most Frequently Mentioned by 12 Witnesses; Erickson Privileges Told; 184 'Bench Visits' and 'Soft' Jobs in Jail Laid to Correction Chief by Ex-Warden</a>, by Meyer Berger, <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?res=940DEED9103AE23BBC4C52DFB7678389649EDE">View original in TimesMachine</a>,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">A clear pattern of close relationships between Tammany district leaders and underworld figures in the city was drawn yesterday from witnesses at the first open hearing conducted by the New York State Crime Commission in New York County.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">testified that Mr. Kantor pleaded that he needed more money because he was involved, at the time, in fighting a charge of election fraud brought against him by the Federal Government. When Mr. Kantor took the stand, and was</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Two of the Tammany district leaders heard were Alfred Toplitz, former leader of the First Assembly District, Northwest, and Sidney Moses, leader of the Sixth Assembly District, South.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">...</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Outside of manufacturing ladies' handbags, [Mr. Moses] said, his only non-public job was in public relations---"public and labor relations, advising." He gave it up.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The former Tammany Hall secretary admitted having his name in an advertisement with that of Dominic Cantalupe, identified as a bookmaker. He testified he stayed at a hotel in Florida owned by Little Augie Pisano.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">...</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The underworld characters whom Tammany leaders admitted they knew and hobnobbed with included in addition to Costello and Luchese: Joe Adonis, Joseph Biondo, Phil Kastel, Frank Erickson, Trigger Mike Coppola, Arthur (Dutch Schultz) Flegenheimer, Joie Rao, Pisano, the Moretti brothers, Willie and Salvatore,Knohl and James P. O'Connell, aide to Costello.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">...</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Former Supreme Court Justice Joseph M. Proskauer presided over the hearing most of the day, flanked by Ignatius M. Wilkinson</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Mr. Proskauer directed that seven witnesses who were present but not called yesterday appear in court again at 2 o'clock this afternoon. They were Abe Rosenthal, Clarence Neal, I. V.. Neustin, E.V. Loughlin, Hiugo Rogers, J.P. O'Connell and Generoso Pope Jr.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">....</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Mr. Rubin also testifies that Mr. Kantor pleaded that he needed more money because he was involved, at the time, in fighting a charge of election fraud brought against him by the Federal Government.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Vote Fraud Conviction Reversed</span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Mr. Kantor persisted in declaring that he never had been convicted on the election fraud charge. It developed later that the charge had been reversed.</span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtdg3dri88aIYNeH64bJnucZs1GmZ12NoG7iMdN-92255bG_8lVgm86C5GfcPi7kQgqZftdirMK1apVKlsILp2ZKh_Bs_ks1DaA-ozaq119kzaVOMlX61NcTXG2ezL8NsPzJOL4g/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-09+at+19.06.44.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtdg3dri88aIYNeH64bJnucZs1GmZ12NoG7iMdN-92255bG_8lVgm86C5GfcPi7kQgqZftdirMK1apVKlsILp2ZKh_Bs_ks1DaA-ozaq119kzaVOMlX61NcTXG2ezL8NsPzJOL4g/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-09+at+19.06.44.png" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitpo1dMAE9ghSgEFmL5PdpJdXWJOGreX8_F23yHlMo76lY4c6JiUa6qNAi1TEBLWxRkwOeXyqiysEQE_FsOiyLaRKCsox8mVYuYKRXzlQarSKRzieNjQv378SizyW3waTPq0ejAA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-09+at+19.07.30.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitpo1dMAE9ghSgEFmL5PdpJdXWJOGreX8_F23yHlMo76lY4c6JiUa6qNAi1TEBLWxRkwOeXyqiysEQE_FsOiyLaRKCsox8mVYuYKRXzlQarSKRzieNjQv378SizyW3waTPq0ejAA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-09+at+19.07.30.png" /></a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6zUL1KwxSunfYLZAT5vhDal6w8nW49gH8tTsXX5Tkv1v27_OmhRC_FtyrVnEtz1K5oOINwVSXeTN22tzCov9fKIwQORvg3BQA0O2gZgmtNAd3hFdR7GxkF4EoWnztBUN_4pnqnA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-09+at+19.09.13.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6zUL1KwxSunfYLZAT5vhDal6w8nW49gH8tTsXX5Tkv1v27_OmhRC_FtyrVnEtz1K5oOINwVSXeTN22tzCov9fKIwQORvg3BQA0O2gZgmtNAd3hFdR7GxkF4EoWnztBUN_4pnqnA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-09+at+19.09.13.png" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK4kbTR3s3Kyfx5XJEFGGFmcGQ2szCoIXCSEWUBgWloRegA7nZRs9KsnIgL_tG3xpnJ2Rq-kclNhnpqs0nLk5U17gGpElaCWuNt5HwHXiWmjM2OnJd9PynxqhTo422UzZxyqjm_A/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-09+at+19.10.32.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK4kbTR3s3Kyfx5XJEFGGFmcGQ2szCoIXCSEWUBgWloRegA7nZRs9KsnIgL_tG3xpnJ2Rq-kclNhnpqs0nLk5U17gGpElaCWuNt5HwHXiWmjM2OnJd9PynxqhTo422UzZxyqjm_A/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-09+at+19.10.32.png" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbsnMIsyzdOYlDxXSARnQxhorgzvI6JueTbNKnZqwLmyUhwJQ5lfqng6gCSzFalo8Q-mFtjpiz62i6gthtY6IXQ7EwHWZ9fBuDJOoZgGC8ZJhIRXa-tTKGmGOoh9jojBSyv5Qfug/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-09+at+19.06.25.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbsnMIsyzdOYlDxXSARnQxhorgzvI6JueTbNKnZqwLmyUhwJQ5lfqng6gCSzFalo8Q-mFtjpiz62i6gthtY6IXQ7EwHWZ9fBuDJOoZgGC8ZJhIRXa-tTKGmGOoh9jojBSyv5Qfug/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-09+at+19.06.25.png" /></a><br />
<br />
Mr. Moses, who has held the posts of Assemblyman, secretary of Tammany Hall and Deputy Commissioner of Borough Works...<br />
<br />
<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdwDoHjFauHO_lJ98LgAMQeA3Q2szm8pKcxq51hyphenhyphenOl7sHk37BUwftGHWBgQUZV7EZnJq9drYDyIG2TLsZGFmpBJw7UW4TIHuSScQP3j3fpUefBa_WeXW-h4wLK9HtZvAU8zacolQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-09+at+19.29.18.png" /><br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFPPPjdIhv8OgX1ZWFbnCjeI6x7UgO-Oe7k38jm6c4WSed38MNdrU6mNckVaIgXHAA2zaCvzxL3lBbHslThhfBo2R1o8bFv7yGESk6SrFvD1XcsDnZeGCzuHNXOP0OW2kMmKhKVg/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-09+at+19.29.33.png" /><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXfiWV6-XEDKFwiN8j2cZdnNzGHRaKVO4Swr_6UAY827KUtB1i1TKHE1UYZrG3OL_FQrOvWxqr11GrnXRghdayCpVWbFiRqTRuw-V0Nl261g6fWrCHDQRLymJq9xfQ3BwbreXoNw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-09+at+19.29.42.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXfiWV6-XEDKFwiN8j2cZdnNzGHRaKVO4Swr_6UAY827KUtB1i1TKHE1UYZrG3OL_FQrOvWxqr11GrnXRghdayCpVWbFiRqTRuw-V0Nl261g6fWrCHDQRLymJq9xfQ3BwbreXoNw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-09+at+19.29.42.png" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCAGTrAEkW-bvxOcFaRFunbCTcyblhWMJFyB7lHbm10W7VwT7JZZDdsHQD3wfXUR2_CgvwTBwtA6xkEXvua7M8APKWyUca0yYf_ukHzqR2Sp3LddHS_hcl6pZVNU06E2rSSrjYuQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-09+at+19.29.51.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCAGTrAEkW-bvxOcFaRFunbCTcyblhWMJFyB7lHbm10W7VwT7JZZDdsHQD3wfXUR2_CgvwTBwtA6xkEXvua7M8APKWyUca0yYf_ukHzqR2Sp3LddHS_hcl6pZVNU06E2rSSrjYuQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-09+at+19.29.51.png" /></a></div>
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu4mqQ_04foEP-K43Ejy8vqxUL9syKZIoLp67huSV2OjOZhLAe_U32LIgFNKm88H71SIZwm-B_LnWR0CAlZf8uobQjq1d51wW0eGYb0HlQfrn1S70jRSjoUPMaZlSzst8YCo3t_Q/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-09+at+19.43.29.png" /><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23873592.post-79383985973726628762017-04-09T02:29:00.004-04:002017-04-09T02:56:37.923-04:00Returns show Stevenson leading Johnson by 6,190, <span style="font-size: large;">August 29, 1948, AP - New York Times, page A24, <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1948/08/29/86754644.html?pageNumber=24">Returns show Stevenson leading Johnson by 6,190</a>, </span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: large;">[<i>The NYT's archive actually uses the title: "Article 2 -- No Title"</i>]</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br />DALLAS, Tex., Aug. 28 (AP) -Returns tonight showed Coke Stevenson, wartime Governor of Texas, leading Representative Lyndon B. Johnson, 332,928 to 326,738, for the Democratic nomination for the Senate. The tabulation, by the Texas Election Bureau, covered 190 of the state's 254 counties, sixty complete. <br /><br />In the July 24 first primary, Stevenson won 168 of the counties with 477,077 votes. The first primary was a record-breaker. More citizens voted than at any other time in Texas history. Johnson ran second with 405,617 votes. Nine others were in the race.</span><br />
<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans; font-size: 24px;">
<img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBrzE3P_OZrGbgC0fuJkBAEOMH8vfSSnd5QP98ctRYEIC8dxgvLd0vWOtpWOMs9bS-2gTbKb60n1sn-sA4NQkbGjRVX-hm4UYY-Hm5It8JxXJA1jAzRQbRSg2FR8YQzfc8Q2Yv1g/s400/Screenshot+2017-04-09+at+01.38.55.png" style="font-family: Tinos; font-size: medium;" width="218" /> <img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9FBn82YJmC518XmCb57Jd2PMVVabci8cakHJ8vx5Hs1t6YF9OIag_tq4lCbaUoIRmM_TqyDcVlQ4yCIZmlJn-A4F8cWy0cEsHLZRkM29b4BKZE3TNqFFuGjkEup0goLJrZ6Adug/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-01+at+15.54.15.png" style="font-family: Tinos; font-size: medium; height: auto;" /></div>
<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans; font-size: 24px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans; font-size: 24px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans; font-size: 24px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans; font-size: 24px;">
<div style="font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib2wNqShR4w4I9Pk8vZNpcl0wz_fuW-h3lp_vgfnfa8TAWWXe0_k7ern3VD_JhL2F3WnuFO04Lt-U-Cu33y3H5Ij76laC75AiWXQh3BAG8fxjZWEfEDOYE0I25sUxDdoc259ptCg/s1600/Truman+Far+Behind+In+Texas+Test+Poll.png" style="font-family: Tinos; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib2wNqShR4w4I9Pk8vZNpcl0wz_fuW-h3lp_vgfnfa8TAWWXe0_k7ern3VD_JhL2F3WnuFO04Lt-U-Cu33y3H5Ij76laC75AiWXQh3BAG8fxjZWEfEDOYE0I25sUxDdoc259ptCg/s1600/Truman+Far+Behind+In+Texas+Test+Poll.png" /></a></div>
</div>
<div style="font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans; font-size: 24px;">
<br /></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-size: large;">Isn't Stevenson's having won 168 counties in the first primary a useless fact? More helpful would be the spread from that contest--71,390, and in this one, which I've provided. But can it be true, as the AP states, that at press time, 60 Texas counties were reporting 100 percent of their results, while 64 other counties were reporting zero percent? </span></i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-size: large;">What the AP calls "unofficial returns" from a "Presidential referendum," were really just a sampling of preferences from an intra-party straw poll conducted in only 0.78740157480315 percent of Texas' 254 counties.</span></i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-size: large;">A news organization could build a story around this, of course, especially when one county offers a running tabulation of results during the day, while it takes another county three days to return 200 ballots. But it winds up leaving the senate race looking incidental.</span></i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "palatina" , serif;">The Times' reporting was consistent in its suggestion of how badly the Truman campaign was going, and how poor were his prospects</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "palatina" , serif;">. It can be expected s</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "palatina" , serif;">uch test polling and push-messaging will self-fulfill. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "palatina" , serif;">In</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "palatina" , serif;"> hindsight, it all seems so </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "palatina" , serif;">pre-arraigned, all except for the failure of the intention.</span></i></span></blockquote>
<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "palatina" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans; font-size: 24px;">
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZTaQxVW0S0-e9v67Ut2o1m6MTY_YHi79wIQfaUEuu_RPG6RVyv6d3eJPiAt42FrXY2Avs4sAVwSuNZ-kxLWKl_2_aqOb3EEdPfct1kCF-4IFPNoIQyMBGrG9Csy2v2gqK_6zhlg/s1600/christine-quinn-dewey-defeats-truman_zps9f22e70a.jpg" style="font-family: Tinos; font-size: medium;" /><br />
<div style="clear: both; font-family: Tinos; font-size: medium; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Tinos; font-size: medium;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans; font-size: 24px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans; font-size: 24px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans; font-size: 24px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans; font-size: 24px;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
</div>
<br />
<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans; font-size: 24px;">
<br /></div>
StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23873592.post-63137994543189182082017-04-08T18:37:00.001-04:002017-04-08T18:37:41.211-04:00December 3, 1970, Albuquerque Journal, page F1, Socorro Jury Vote Probe Is Recessed,<div style="font-size: 24px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: small;">December 3, 1970, Albuquerque Journal, page F1, </span><a href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/156668311/?terms=%22Voter%2BFraud%22" style="font-size: medium;">Socorro Jury Vote Probe Is Recessed</a><span style="font-size: small;">,</span></div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="font-family: gotham, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
</div>
<br />
<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans; font-size: 24px;">
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Tinos; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<div>
Charges of violation of New Mexico election laws were filed and later dismissed against Socorro Police Chief Polo Pineda and County Assessor Marcos Gonzales, </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRty7vY1sLaB3JhdAcmJwi4koFT7fELxvVo6LfDbbGSotmCvWyKJ_qhj4nsinJNG66_EtzIMOXPhQ1QfojVl0VPBIrhqRuPyhxbtsmJybg0P5atSpkeRi8veUN-qPGLOLw5Ixm/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-08+at+11.59.41.png" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; cursor: move; font-family: Tinos; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" /><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Tinos; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Tinos; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<br /></div>
</div>
StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23873592.post-57208986137044368322017-04-08T18:29:00.002-04:002017-04-08T18:29:43.385-04:00June 11, 1968, AP - Daily Press [Newport News, Virginia] page 17, Jury Chosen In Voter Fraud Case,<br />
<br />June 11, 1968, AP - Daily Press [Newport News, Virginia] page 17, <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/231134236/?terms=%22Voter%2BFraud%22">Jury Chosen In Voter Fraud Case</a>,<br /><br />The nine defendants, indicted by the grand jury in Febtuary, have all previously pled innocent. They are:<br /><br />Don Weston, former secretary of the Lee County electoral board; his wife, Mrs. Reba Weston, Lee County voter registrar; Edgar Kirk, a justice of the peace; Fugate Crumley, a county deputy sheriff; Angus David, a deputy commissioner of revenue; Walter Lester, a truant officer; Curtus Rowe, his wife Ruby, and Woodrow Robinson --- all notary publics. A tenth defendant I P. Weston, died Sunday.<br /><br /><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3OTk1J3FP5cMfDC8-CO3l8kUFtOUhuI8p0i5F-dj0EkSlFK0BND-_q1qBcCtz9owgGDAy5jwJ4AZxF_rUm5MIhxmzF8Oll7nsaC6jVvmQg_Q8ndWylmuOAbijmIlTjFg2w-Uw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-08+at+18.14.19.png" /><br />
<br />
<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwClQJj-baoVYhb7gNOXtH8K5vq5A2rb_9enMmAGapqsLd8vffJCOa79QfG8ZV8NMk68De2J3GKZ4kmfSb9PSxohMwhnT0mUe15NR9l4P7GEldds4Y9v18sJFAOXyAIWGu1g5H/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-08+at+18.16.16.png" /><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23873592.post-91541591086398293882017-04-03T09:32:00.001-04:002019-02-26T13:34:19.466-05:00Reinhardt, Guenther (Günther) (1904-1968)<br />
Reinhardt, Guenther (Günther) (1904-1968)<br />
Jan 21, 17<br />
<br />
http://documentstalk.com/wp/reinhardt-guenther-gunther-1904-1968/#fnref-2964-6<br />
<br />
<a href="http://documentstalk.com/wp/reinhardt-guenther-gunther-1904-1968/">Reinhardt, Guenther (Günther) (1904-1968)</a><br />
<a href="http://documentstalk.com/wp/category/references/biographies/">Biographies</a>, <a href="http://documentstalk.com/wp/category/references/">References</a><br />
<br />
A German-born writer who was a free-lance journalist before World War II and also served as a government consultant and private investigator.<br />
<br />
Reinhardt was born in 1905 in Mannheim into a German banking family. Brought up in Switzerland and Germany, he graduated from the Royal College in Mannheim in 1922 and received a B.S. from the city’s State University of Economics three years later. He came to the United States in 1925 and reportedly did some post-graduate studies at Columbia University. His first job in New York was reportedly with a bank, but he became a freelance journalist in 1932 and wrote for various Swiss and American publications until 1945. Reinhardt was a correspondent in Washington and New York for Der Bund of Berne, Switzerland and wrote a syndicated column on foreign affairs for the McClure newspapers in the United States. He was also a contributor to The New York Daily News, Life, Look and other American magazines. <a href="http://documentstalk.com/wp/reinhardt-guenther-gunther-1904-1968/#fn-2964-1">1</a><br />
<br />
At the same time, Reinhardt worked as a consultant and investigator for several United States Government agencies, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, from 1936 to 1943. Reinhardt’s connections to various banking and civic groups secured him a commission to conduct an investigation into Germany’s likely future international relations. He turned over to the U.S. House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization the information he uncovered about Nazi activities in the United States — and subsequently became involved with the American special services. In 1934, he reportedly acted as a liaison between the House Special Committee on Un-American Activities (commonly known as the McCormack-Dickstein Committee) — which was authorized to investigate Nazi propaganda and certain other propaganda activities — and the FBI. <a href="http://documentstalk.com/wp/reinhardt-guenther-gunther-1904-1968/#fn-2964-2">2</a><br />
<br />
Reinhardt wrote about his connection with the FBI in the 1930s and early 1940s in a book published in 1953. <a href="http://documentstalk.com/wp/reinhardt-guenther-gunther-1904-1968/#fn-2964-3">3</a> In an FBI FOIA file released in April 2009, Guenther appears as an FBI “confidential informant” as of mid-1942. <a href="http://documentstalk.com/wp/reinhardt-guenther-gunther-1904-1968/#fn-2964-4">4</a> By Reinhardt’s own account, as of 1941 he was also “part of a secret United States operation” which he described as an “investigative body” with “powers stemming directly from the White House.” <a href="http://documentstalk.com/wp/reinhardt-guenther-gunther-1904-1968/#fn-2964-5">5</a> By combining a few clues, it becomes apparent that Reinhardt was working for the Research and Analysis Branch (R&A) of the Office of the Coordinator of Information (<a href="http://www.documentstalk.com/wp/coi">COI</a>) – the nation’s first peacetime non-departmental intelligence organization, founded in July 1941 and known at the time as the Donovan Committee. Beginning in early 1942, after the COI split into two branches, the R&A branch came under the Office of Strategic Services (<a href="http://www.documentstalk.com/wp/oss">OSS</a>).<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.documentstalk.com/wp/ludwig-lore-a-background-file/#reinhardt">Click here to read more of Reinhardt’s story.</a><br />
<br />
During World War II (from 1942 to 1945), Reinhardt was active in intelligence operations in Latin America and Europe. After the end of the war, he served with the Army Counter-Intelligence Corps (CIC) in Europe in 1946-1947.<br />
<br />
By one account, “Reinhardt was an enthusiastic and dedicated agent in Europe.” However, he soon began to show signs of stress and fatigue as he realized that the whole intelligence system was corrupt. By the summer of 1947, he realized that his career with the CIC was in jeopardy, as his superiors had secretly arranged to send him home. His outrage over this development led to his writing “two memos, known as the Reinhardt memos,” which “accused the CIC of widespread corruption and incompetence” and described the U.S. Army’s practice of smuggling valuables from Germany into the United States. <a href="http://documentstalk.com/wp/reinhardt-guenther-gunther-1904-1968/#fn-2964-6">6</a> After his return to the United States in December 1947, Reinhardt became a special consultant to the Assistant Secretary of the Army. In 1948-1949, he served as an interpreter at the Nuremberg Trials of Nazi war criminals.<br />
<br />
Returning once again to the United States, Reinhardt became the chief private investigator for Bartley C. Crum, the San Francisco lawyer and co-publisher of the New York Star. From 1960 to 1963, he worked for the Silas R. Franz Company, the New York insurance investigators. According to his New York Times obituary, throughout that time he supplied various state agencies, including the state liquor authority, with information about the alleged underworld control and homosexual patronage of bars and nightclubs. <a href="http://documentstalk.com/wp/reinhardt-guenther-gunther-1904-1968/#fn-2964-7">7</a> In the course of the latter activity, Reinhardt was arrested in New York City in early 1963 with files from the New York State Liquor Authority and charged with the theft of its records. At that time, he was described by the chairman of that authority as “a volunteer informer who gave us a lot of accurate information and some that was pure fantasy.” Although Reinhardt had “been around [the Authority] for a long time,” he reportedly had never been on the authority’s staff. <a href="http://documentstalk.com/wp/reinhardt-guenther-gunther-1904-1968/#fn-2964-8">8</a><br />
<br />
Besides being the author of Crime Without Punishment: The Secret Soviet Terror Against America (1953), Reinhardt was also, according to The New York Times, an author of The Jews in Nazi Germany and The Source Materials for Psychological Warfare. <a href="http://documentstalk.com/wp/reinhardt-guenther-gunther-1904-1968/#fn-2964-9">9</a> However, I have been unable to verify this claim.<br />
<br />
Guenther Reinhardt’s obituary in The New York Times, December 3, 1968; Reinhardt’s brief bio in You Americans: Fifteen Foreign Press Correspondents Report Their Impressions of the United States and its People, by B. P. Adams, Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1939, p. 144. <a href="http://documentstalk.com/wp/reinhardt-guenther-gunther-1904-1968/#fnref-2964-1">↩</a><br />
<br />
The Nazi Hydra in America, by Glen Yeadon: Nazi Gold, Part 4: Corruption Overtakes Safehaven, © 2001-2004, <a href="http://www.spiritone.com/~gdy52150/main.html">http://www.spiritone.com/~gdy52150/main.html</a> <a href="http://documentstalk.com/wp/reinhardt-guenther-gunther-1904-1968/#fnref-2964-2">↩</a><br />
Crime Without Punishment: The Secret Soviet Terror Against America, by Guenther Reinhardt, New York: New American Library, 1953, pp. 17-18. <a href="http://documentstalk.com/wp/reinhardt-guenther-gunther-1904-1968/#fnref-2964-3">↩</a><br />
<br />
Ludwig Lore: Communist Activities, report made in New York City, June 3, 1942; report on Lore’s death and subsequent negotiations for purchase of his files by the FBI, July 14, 1942, in Ludwig Lore FBI FOIA file, NY File No. 100-33352, PDF pp. 1-2, 12-15, courtesy of Jeff Kisseloff, April 2009. <a href="http://documentstalk.com/wp/reinhardt-guenther-gunther-1904-1968/#fnref-2964-4">↩</a><br />
Guenther Reinhardt, Op. Cit., p. 17. <a href="http://documentstalk.com/wp/reinhardt-guenther-gunther-1904-1968/#fnref-2964-5">↩</a><br />
<br />
Nazi Gold: The Sensational Story of the World’s Greatest Robbery – and the Greatest Criminal Cover-Up, by Ian Sayer and Douglas Botting, London: Panther, 1984, pp. 346-350; The Nazi Hydra in America, Op. Cit. <a href="http://documentstalk.com/wp/reinhardt-guenther-gunther-1904-1968/#fnref-2964-6">↩</a><br />
The New York Times, Op. Cit. <a href="http://documentstalk.com/wp/reinhardt-guenther-gunther-1904-1968/#fnref-2964-7">↩</a><br />
The New York Times, April 9, 1963. <a href="http://documentstalk.com/wp/reinhardt-guenther-gunther-1904-1968/#fnref-2964-8">↩</a><br />
The New York Times, December 3, 1968. <a href="http://documentstalk.com/wp/reinhardt-guenther-gunther-1904-1968/#fnref-2964-9">↩</a><br />
<br />
Studies in Intelligence (2003) Kurt Waldheim and the Central Intelligence Agency, by Kevin C. Ruffner,<br />
Nov 27, 16<br />
<br />
Studies in Intelligence (2003)<br />
<br />
Kurt Waldheim and the Central IntelligenceAgency (U) <br />
<br />
by Kevin C. Ruffner,<br />
<br />
Kevin C. Ruffner is in theCIA Directorate of Intelligence.(U)<br />
<br />
DECLASSIFIED AND RELEASED BYCENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCYSOURCES METHODS EXEMPT 10113828NAZI MAR CRIMES DISCLOSURE ACTDATE 2003 2008<br />
<br />
http://numbers-stations.com/cia/Studies%20In%20Intelligence%20Nazi%20-%20Related%20Articles/STUDIES%20IN%20INTELLIGENCE%20NAZI%20-%20RELATED%20ARTICLES_0018.pdf<br />
<br />
In 1986, the world discovered that Kurt Waldheim, former Secretary General of the United NatioWehrmacht staff officer in the Balkans during World War II.While ns and a candidate for Austria's presidency, had served as Waaldheim had never denied that he had been in the German army, his 1985 autobiography left the impression that his military service had been curtailed after he received wounds in late 1941 on the Russian frontand that he had gone on to law chool in Vienna. 1 Forty 3iearsafter World War II, however,investigations uncovered the fact that Oberleutnant Waldheim had held staff positions in army-level commands in Yugoslavia and Greece until the end of the war.The brutal nature of the waragainst local partisans and Allied commandos in the Balkans, coupled with Nazi Germany's violent treatment of civilians,s including Jews, and Italian prisoners of war after 1943, raised questions about Waldheim's own activities and his knowledge of the German atrocities. 2 (U)<br />
<br />
Allegations about Waldheim's military service prompted US Attorney General Edward Meese to direct the Office of Special Investigations(OSI) in the US Department of Justice to open an investigation in March 1986 to determine whether he should be excluded from entering the United State under the provisions of the "Holtzman Amendment." 3 A year later,Meese announced that Waldheim had been placed on the "WatchList" of war criminals excluded from entry into the United States.In this unprecedented move, the US government formally prohibited Waldheim, who had been elected Austria's president in June 1986, from visiting America in either an official or unofficial capacity. 4 To this day, the United States excludes Waldheim. (U)<br />
<br />
From start to finish, the Waldheim case was a public affairs disaster for the Central Intelligence Agency. It represented a failure on several levels that stretched over decades. Incomplete research into his background, delays in releasing a key document, and a cavalier attitude toward members of Congress unnecessarily raised suspicions that the Agency was covering up a clandestine relationship with the Austrian statesman. (U) <br />
<br />
The Waldheim experience yieldsimportant lessons. Chances arehigh that leaders with unsavorypasts will rise to prominence inthe 21st century. Evaluation oftheir suitability as world leaderswill rest on painstaking historicalresearch. (U)<br />
<br />
Little Early Interest inWaldheim (U) <br />
<br />
The Agency did not considerWaldheim of intelligence interestuntil after he was elected SecretaryGeneral of the UnitedNations in late 1971. He had anormal, if not distinguished,career as an Austrian diplomatin the immediate postwardecades. Agency files contained afew scattered references to hiswork in the Austrian ForeignMinistry during the 1950s, but nothorough background check wasrun on him until he rose to thetop leadership position at theUN. A Directorate of Operations(DO) "201 file" (also called a"name file" or "personality file")was not even created for Waldheimuntil January 1972.5(S//NF) <br />
<br />
In connection with Waldheim'svarious diplomatic responsibilities, the Directorate ofIntelligence (DI) published some20 routine biographic profiles ofthe statesman between 1964 and1987. The first profile, writtenwhen he was Austria's ambassadorto the United Nations, didnot even list his military service.'When he became SecretaryGeneral, his DI biographic reportnoted that he had served in theGerman army and had beenwounded. This profile went on tocomment:<br />
<br />
Waldheim is a devoted friend ofthe United States, and he hasbeen very cooperative and helpfulin promoting US interests.When he was Foreign Minister,his personal cooperation wasparticularly effective in confidentiallyworking out Austrianformulations acceptable to theUnited States covering such subjectsas Vietnam, the Middle Eastand European security His longservice in the United States hasgiven him an understanding ofAmerican thinking and foreignpolicy objectives. 7 (U)<br />
<br />
In early January 1972, shortlyafter Waldheim's swearing in asUN chief, the CIA queried itsclandestine sources about rumorsthat he had been a member of theNazi party.' One source denied"emphatically" that Waldheim had ever belonged to theNational Socialist German Workers'Party, or NSDAP, althoughthe source knew that Waldheimhad served as a staff officer inthe German army. According tothe report from this source, Waldheim"never had to make aserious decision himself and healways had superiors who wouldtake the responsibilities for decisionand action." He was, in thisagent's words, a "colorlessbureaucrat."' (S//NF) <br />
<br />
Headquarters took other seepsthat year to check on Waldheim,requesting its base in C .2 tocheck with the State Department'sBerlin Documents Centerto see if he had a Nazi partymembership file." The basereported that while there werethree men with the same name in the Nazi party, it found no tracethat the UN Secretary Generalhad joined the party "Wish [to]point out," C L cabled, "[that]negative trace at BDC not absoluteguarantee that individualbeing traced was not member OS[Austrian] NSDAP. Although itis presumed that master NSDAPcard file [is] complete there [is]no way [of] being positive thissource." n (S//NF)<br />
<br />
The Agency's Station in C..also queried a source who "reiteratedthat he considers it veryunlikely that Waldheim [was]member NSDAP, pointing outthat Waldheim's father [was]fired from his post by Nazis."This source added that "therumor [of Waldheim's Nazi membership]might have arisen fromstories (which he could not vouchfor) that Waldheim during WWIIservice as a staff officer in Parishad reputation as 'knowing Paris'and arranging gay evenings forVIPs." The Station could not findany information detailing Waldheim'swartime service andconcluded that it was unlikely hecould have been a Nazi, given hispostwar duties in the AustrianForeign Ministery. 12 (S//NF) <br />
<br />
After this initial examination inJanuary 1972, the Agency did nottake any further steps to investigateWaldheim's wartime service.Instead, DO files indicate that the CIA simply kept tabs on theAustrian leader's official travel,his personal habits, and theactivities of his staff. (S//NF) <br />
<br />
The Media Stir the Pot (U)<br />
<br />
Waldheim's World War II activitiesattracted occasionalattention in the United States.The New Republic published twoarticles on the United Nationsand Waldheim in 1980, whichdrew the attention of Stephen J.Solarz, a Democratic Congressmanfrom New York." He wroteWaldheim and Adm. StansfieldTurner, then the Director of CentralIntelligence (DCI), in late1980 with several questionsabout the Secretary General'srecord." On the last day of 1980,Frederick P. Hitz of the CIA'sOffice of Legislative Counselreplied to Solarz: "We believethat Waldheim was not a memberof the Nazi Youth Movement,nor was he involved in anti-Jewishactivities." Hitz then provided Solarz with a brief synopsisof Waldheim's militaryrecord, commenting that he hadentered the German army at theage of 20 in 1939 and then servedas a staff officer with the 45thInfantry Division in Poland andFrance. Hitz continued thatWaldheim's "service with [the45th) Division ended in 1941when he received a leg wound" inthe Soviet Union. After alengthy recovery, Waldheim wasdischarged from the Germanarmy and returned to law schoolin Vienna, Hitz told Solarz.Waldheim received his degree in1944 and entered the ForeignMinistry in 1945. The Agencycould not find any indicationsthat Waldheim had "participateddirectly or indirectly in anti-Jewishactivities."" (U)<br />
<br />
New Information (U) <br />
<br />
After telling Solarz what it knewas of 1980, the CIA did not follow up on fresh clandestinereports in 1981 that raised newquestions about Waldheim'swhereabouts from 1941 to 1945.A source provided a letter from aWest German publisher thatclaimed that Waldheim served asan "aid[e]" to a German generalon the Eastern Front who commandeda unit of RussianCossacks fighting for the ThirdReich. An additional reportstated that Waldheim Commandeda special unit behindSoviet lines and that the Russianshad captured him.According to this source, theSoviets released Waldheim whilethey executed other Germanofficers for war crimes. Consequently,"Waldheim has neverforgotten what the Soviets did forhim, and this would explain hislenience toward the USSR." 16(Si/1\1F)<br />
<br />
Headquarters apparently dismissed these reports. In a message from Washington to various stations in December 1981,the Agency reiterated its faith in the standard biographic line:"The fact that Waldheim has enjoyed a public career of some35 years without having been'exposed' in the past through any associations with the Nazis, suggeststh at such allegations have no basis."" The Agency held tothis understanding of Waldheim's military activities into themid 1980s. (S//NF)<br />
<br />
Murky Web Unravels (U)<br />
<br />
In 1986, the World Jewish Congress(WJC) and the New YorkTimes, responding to pressreports and political gossip inAustria about Waldheim, delvedmore deeply into captured Germanrecords at the National Archives and quickly foundincriminating information. (U) <br />
<br />
Over the next three years, theWJC, OSI in the Department ofJustice, the Austrian government,the British government,and an independent panel of militaryhistorians conductedseparate investigations, whichrevealed that Waldheim's militaryservice had been far moreextensive than he had led theworld to believe. In an unprecedentedreport, OSI concludedthat Waldheim had "assisted, orotherwise participated in the persecution.. . [ofl person[s] because of race, religion, nationalorigin or political opinion." TheDepartment of Justice also citedWaldheim's participation in thetransfer of civilians to the SS forslave labor; the mass deportationof civilians to death camps;the utilization of anti-Semiticpropaganda; the mistreatmentand execution of Allied prisonersof war; and the reprisal executionof civilians. OSI's findingsprompted the Attorney Generalto place the Austrian leader onthe immigration Watch List in1987. 18 (U)<br />
<br />
Seeking Explanations (U) <br />
<br />
The extent of Waldheim's servicein the German army in the Balkans became abundantly clearafter these investigations, yetquestions lingered as to how hehad avoided detection for somany years. Hitz's letter to CongressmanSolarz in December1980, essentially exoneratingWaldheim, created the impressionthat the Agency sought toprotect the Austrian diplomat.Solarz, testifying at a Congressionalhearing in 1986, blastedthe CIA's response because "it looked as if it had come off Mr. Waldheim's xerox machine."The Agency's investigation,Solarz declared, "was incompetentat best and indifferent atworst."' (U) <br />
<br />
New information fueled the confusion about Waldheim's relationship to the Americans: <br />
<br />
• In 1948, the US Army had placed Waldheim on its Central Registry of War Criminals and Security Suspects (CROWCASS)while the United Nations War Crimes Commission (UNWWC) indicted him for murder at the insistence of the Yugoslays. It was uncertain how Waldheim had evaded these charges. <br />
<br />
• In 1986, Karl Gruber, Austria's first postwar Foreign Minister,acknowledged that Fritz Molden, an Austrian who worked for the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and was DCI Allen Dulles's son-in-law, had irst proposed that the young Austrian lawyer join the diplomatic corps only months after the war's end. 20 Molden further more claimed that he had appointed Waldheim to this new post not only after checking with Austrian officials as to Waldheim's Nazi record, but also with American occupation authorities, including the Army's Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC) and the OSS.21 <br />
<br />
• Further examination of Waldheim's postwar actions revealed that he had supported the Yugoslays and the Soviets on a number of issues, lending credence to suspicions that more than one nation wanted to protecthim. (U)<br />
<br />
CIA Missteps (U)<br />
<br />
As revelations about Waldheim 'sun savory background mounted,the Agency compounded its bland December 1980 letter to Congressman Solarz with an unfortunate series of blunders.Congressional figures demanded that the CIA provide answers to the allegations that Waldheim had enjoyed a special relationship with American intelligence.Representative Lee H. Hamilton,chairman of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (HPSCI), Representative Solarz, and Senator Alphonse D'Amato all asked for full access to the Agency's holdings.22 The Agency's response was perfunctory—it simply reiterated the known "facts" in its Congressional correspondence and in briefings to both over-,sight committees in Congress. 23In one case, the CIA even relegated a request from Solarz to the channels of the Agency's Freedom of Information Act(FOIA) office. 24 (U) <br />
<br />
As Congressional interest mounted, however, the CIA undertook an expanded search, locating several additional documents that contained references to a "Waldheim" that were not in Kurt Waldheim's 201 file. 25 At first, the Agency could not as certain whether they referred to the Austrian president. One documentin particular, quickly drew Congressional interest and latermedia attention. A British intelligence brief from 26 April 1945—known as Security Intelligence Middle East (S.I.M.E.)Report Number 4—contained the interrogation of Hans Jurgen Kirchner, a captured German intelligence officer. In the report,Kirchner listed some 238 German intelligence personnel stationed in the Balkans and elsewhere in Europe. 26 An unremarkable document overall, the S.I.M.E. report made a short reference on page 47 to Oberleutnant Waldheim. Kirchner briefly described Waldheimas a "subordinate officer toWARNSTORFF in SALONIKA'.and provided some general physical characteristics, such as his height, age, hair, and eye color.Immediately below the Waldheimentry is a similar, although slightly more detailed, description of Oberstleutnant Warnstorff.(C) <br />
<br />
The British had provided theS.I.M.E. report to the Americans at the end of the war. It was filed at OSS Headquarters in Washington and later transferred to the new CIA in 1947. It had resided in the CIA's files for decades after the war, but had not been cross-referenced orplaced in Waldheim's 201 file when it was created in 1972.Because of its British origins, there port had not been transferred to the National Archives in the1980s with the bulk of OSS holdings.It is unlikely that thisdocument would have been scrutinizedat all without the worldwide interest in Waldheimin 1986. (C)<br />
<br />
The S.I.M.E. Report Becomesa Cause Célèbre (U) <br />
<br />
The CIA provided details of the report's contents in response to Congressional inquiries in 1986,but it refused to release the report in its entirety to FOIA requesters. The Agency explained that it could not declassify the report because Executive Order 12356 and USCode 403g of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 required the CIA to protect foreign government information in addition to protecting sources and methods. 27 (C)<br />
<br />
Having been apprised of the report's general contents in 1986, a year later Congressman Solarzdemanded that the Agency release the document to the public. "I f ind this information," Solarz declared,"both surprising and distressing inlight of the assurances given me in1980 that no such reporting existed." 288 In late 1987, David D.Gries, director of the Office of Congressional Affairs, told Solarz that"the 1945 document [the S.I.M.E.report] you cite is not relevant, nor does it speak to your concerns. Byway of explanation, we did have the reference to an Oberleutnant Waldheim. when we responded to your 1980 request. However,"Gries admitted, "at that time, all other available information placed Kurt Waldheim in a civilian capacity in 1945 after being wounded in 1942. The one incomplete reference,which was extracted in our 1986 letter to you, was not adequate evidence to contradict all other known information on the then-Secretary General, and so our 1980 letter to you did not mentionit."29(S) <br />
<br />
Knowledge of the existence of the1945 report quickly spread. The Agency refused requests from theWorld Jewish Congress to releaseit. In an effort to bolster Waldheim'scase that he was not aNazi war criminal, the AustrianEmbassy in Washington telephonedthe CIA in October 1987and asked that the Americansprovide a copy of the reports°According to a memo written byLee S. Strickland, the Agency'sInformation and Privacy Coordinator:"The Embassy was highlyconcerned about the recent spateof news articles which have variously,but all erroneously, statedthat the CIA knew Kurt Waldheimwas involved in Naziactivities and/or was an agent ofAmerican intelligence." After alengthy discussion, Stricklandconvinced Christian Prosel, theAustrian counselor, that his governmentshould make a formalrequest through their ambassadoror liaison officer. 31 Thefollowing day, the AustrianEmbassy passed a note to theState Department expressing itsdesire to receive a full orredacted copy of the report. 32 (U) <br />
<br />
The official Austrian request presenteda new problem for theAgency because it still had anobligation to protect intelligenceprovided by a foreign government from dissemination toanother foreign power. TheAgency approached its Britishcounterparts with an unusualrequest: Could the British permitthe United States to providethe Austrians with a copy of the1945 S.I.M.E. report pertainingto Waldheim and his superiorofficer? After a week of deliberation,the British governmentagreed to release the portion ofthe report with the brief referencesto Waldheim andWarnstorff. The Americans, however,could only pass thisinformation to the Austrianswith the express indication thatthe material still retained itssecret classification and that itcame only from "an allied government."33 In early November 1987,the CIA passed the sanitized sectionto the State Department fortransfer to the Austrian government.34 (S) <br />
<br />
Steady Criticism (U) <br />
<br />
Waldheim dismissed the S.I.M.E.report after the Austrian governmentreceived the sanitizedportion. An independent panel ofmilitary historians looking intoWaldheim's role also had littleuse for it s' Despite the overallinsignificance of the references, however, the British press seizedupon leaked information aboutthe 1945 report as evidence thatHer Majesty's Governmentwas refusing to support theWaldheim investigation by withholdingthe entire report. AReuters dispatch quoted anunnamed source that "the UnitedStates cannot, in accordance withits agreement with the British,release the document withoutBritish permission." 36 Indeed, theBritish had apparently lost theS.I.M.E. report in the years afterthe war and the copy in the CIA'sfiles turned out to be the onlysurviving example. In 1988, theDirectorate of Operationsexpressed its overall willingnessto release the entire report providedthat American markingswere removed. The British, however,preferred to "hold firm toprinciple of not releasing anyintel docs, no matter how old orinnocent." (S) <br />
<br />
With its hands tied by the British,the CIA absorbed a steadystream of criticism over the years. In 1988, CongressmanSolarz demanded that theAgency reveal the contents of the1945 report and inform him if theOSS had conducted any interrogationsof Waldheim. TheAgency's response was againbland and suggested that Solarzcontact other Federal agencies,such as the National Archivesand the US Army, for answers tohis queries. 38 In 1989, the Britishgovernment clearedWaldheim of any role in thedeaths of British military personnelin Greece during World WarII and finally released a sanitizedversion of the 1945 S.I.M.E.report, but London neglected toinform the CIA of its action.388Consequently, the Agency continuedto withhold the British WorldWar II report until it was finallydeclassified in 2001. By thattime, British intelligence officialshad no interest in theS.I.M.E. report and expressedsurprise that the CIA had kept itunder wraps for so long. (U) <br />
<br />
The British exoneration ofWaldheim in 1989 brought about a wave of fresh criticism againstthe CIA. In November of thatyear, A. M. Rosenthal, a columnistfor the New York Times,recited the story of the CIA's1972 check on the then-newSecretary General, the Agency'sletter to Congressman Solarz in1980, and the saga of the 1945British report. Rosenthal quotedRobert E. Herzstein, a Un&ersityof South Carolina historianand author of a newly publishedbook on Waldheim, who asserted:"Now there is proof that theC.I.A. investigated Waldheim,cleared him, declared him to be ofoperational interest and shieldedhim. It did so while having in itsfiles at least one document placingDr. Waldheim in the Balkans,a fact which if published wouldhave unveiled a thirty year coverup."Rosenthal, citingHerzstein's research, urged Congressto open the Agency'sWaldheim file, "or what remainsof it," to determine whether theformer UN Secretary Generalwas an American "operationalasset."48(U)<br />
<br />
A week later, the World JewishCongress unveiled its copy of theS.I.M.E. report obtained from"contacts in Europe." "What youhave here," Elan Steinberg, theWJC's executive directordeclared, "is the C.I.A. not onlyconfirming Waldheim's big lie,which is to say his coverup, but adocument showing that the C.I.A.knew and, in fact, has known for40 years that that was a big lie."The World Jewish Congressmaintained that the Agencyknew about Waldheim's "secret"past even as he was confirmed asUN Secretary General in 1971and later when the CIAresponded to Solarz's inquiry.4'(U) <br />
<br />
The reaction to the WJC's releasewas immediate. In an articletitled "CIA Held File on WaldheimWar Role," The WashingtonPost claimed that an unidentifiedUS government source hadconfirmed that the documentobtained by the WJC was genuineand had been in the CIA'sfiles. An Agency spokesman,however, offered no comment andsimply replied, "it will taketime to investigate this." TheWashington Post also quotedProf Herzstein about why theCIA had this document, but hadnot reported on Waldheim's militaryservice in the Balkans. "Ihave to assume there was a patternof protection," saidHerzstein. "It is conceivable thatWaldheim could have been anagent of influence or a source of information about KGB influencein the UN secretariat."Herzstein claimed that theAgency's failure to reveal theexistence of the British reportwas the result of "incompetenceor a pattern of protection." 42 (U)<br />
<br />
The Push for Disclosure (U) <br />
<br />
Following the collapse of communism,public clamor increased forthe release of secret files fromthe Cold War years. Allegations that the Agency had played a rolein the assassination of PresidentJohn F. Kennedy grabbed headlinesafter the release of OliverStone's movie "JFK" in 1992, andlegislation requiring the releaseof relevant files followed.Through the years, the Americanpublic had remained suspiciousabout the CIA's relationship withNazi war criminals, and KurtWaldheim became the key thatunlocked those classified cabinetsat Langley, too. (U)<br />
<br />
The first volley of this new campaign appeared in the form of aletter from Elizabeth Holtzman,comptroller of the City of NewYork, to DCI Robert Gates inMarch 1992. 43 Holtzman, aformer Congresswoman and acandidate for the US Senate,requested that the CIA releaseits files on Nazi war criminals.Providing several names(although not Waldheim's), shenoted that the US governmenthad protected Nazi war criminalsand, in some cases, arrangedtheir immigration to the UnitedStates. "In the process ofemploying these people and bringthem to safe haven in the UnitedStates and elsewhere," Holtzmansaid, "laws were broken, lies weretold, and the President, Congress,other government agenciesand the public were deceived.But we still don't know the wholestory," she claimed. "Forty sevenyears after the end of World WarII, it is time for the American people to find out the truth."44(U) <br />
<br />
In August 1992, Adm. William 0.Studeman, as Acting DCI, replied to Holtzman's letter, promising hat the Agency would review its files for records on Nazi war criminals and transfer them to the National Archives. He did not provide a timeline for suchaction—the Agency's review of records relating to President Kennedy's death had higher priority—and he cautioned that i7 might be difficult to locate relevant material. 45 Studeman's letter quickly made its way to the New York Times. "In a change of policy that could provide new information about American recruitment of Nazi war criminals after World War II, the Central Intelligence Agency say sit has begun to systematically search its records with the aim of opening long-secret files to historians'scrutiny," the paperreported. 46 (U)<br />
<br />
This optimistic announcement soon became mired in controversy. Studeman's letter nadvertently had stated that theAgency had not located any records on one of the individuals requested by Holtzman. This brought a frenzied cry from John Loftus, a former attorney with the Office of Special Investigations,who claimed that he had seen such records while working for the Justice Department.47 After that point, the CIA failed to follow up on Studeman's promise to locate and review records pertaining to Nazis. In the end, theAgency made no effort to do anything about these files. (U) <br />
<br />
In May 1994, A. M. Rosenthalagain took up his pen in the editorial pages of the New York Times, musing about "the Waldheim file" and how Waldheim had escaped his past for so many years. Rosenthal again drew upon Prof. Herzstein's research to highlight the gaps in the public's knowledge of the Austrian politician, who had by this time completed his term as president and retired from all official duties. 488 Herzstein maintained that Waldheim "was protected by the US government, provided information in return for thatprotection and profited from the government's willingness to obliterate his wartime service." 49 (U)<br />
<br />
Frustrated with other attempts to obtain the Agency's holdings on Waldheim, Rosenthal urged the US Congress to pass legislation"preventing government agencies from denying information about World War II war crimes." 50 New York Congresswoman Carolyn B. Maloney took up Rosenthal's and Herzstein's platform in a 12 July 1994 letter to her colleagues on Capitol Hill pushing for a "War Crimes Disclosure Act." Forwarding a copy of Rosenthal's editorial, Maloney expressed shock that "the CIA withheld critical information about Kurt Waldheim's Nazi past from the public." She sought a cosponsor to close the loopholes in the Freedom of Information Act that allowed the Agency to withhold information about war criminals.51(U)<br />
<br />
Maloney introduced her bill,cosponsored by six other congressmen,on 12 August 1994. It was referred to three committees in the House of Representatives,but it lacked a companion bill in the Senate. Rosenthal informed the readers of the New York Times that Representative Maloney had introduced the bill. "Itis an overdue piece of legislation,important to justice and history,"he wrote. "The key to the Waldheim file is right there on the table, waiting for Congress to pick it up and use it." 52 (U) <br />
<br />
The Agency's Reaction (U)<br />
<br />
The CIA opposed the legislation.John Gred 4:4 a member of the Agency's Office of Congressional Affairs, warned that the WarCrimes Disclosure Act wouldstrip the Agency of its ability to protect information under the National Security Act of 1947 and protect the identities of CIA officers." Although Maloney's billfailed to move in the House in the waning hours of the 103rd Congress, she reintroduced it when the new Congress convened in March 1995. This time it had 17 cosponsors, and it began to make its way through hearings. (U)<br />
<br />
In the summer of 1996,Rosenthal again led the charge,proclaiming that "for a full half century,with determination and skill, and with the help of the law, US intelligence agencies have kept secret the record of how they used Nazis for so many years, what the agencies got from these services—and what they gave as payback." 64 Once again, he advocated that Congress demand the release of the Federal government's holdings on Waldheim, whom he now described as a possible "bigpower groupie" who worked forall sides during the Cold War. In late September 1996, the House approved the Maloney bill.Daniel P. Moynihan, the powerful New York Senator, took up the drive in the US Senate. (U) <br />
<br />
Bad press for the Agency continued.In December 1996, Parade Magazine, a widely distributed insert to Sunday newspapers,claimed: "There are thousands ofNazis still being pursued for war crimes they committed more than 50 years r ago ... [and] the CIA is one of the obstacles to finding those alive today" According to the article, "The Agency intervened in October to weaken the War Crimes Disclosure Act, which would have opened US intelligence files on Nazi war criminals to those engaged in hunting them.Why? National embarrassment.The US helped some Nazis after the war if they were useful infighting the communists." (U)<br />
<br />
Congresswoman Maloney's efforts succeeded when President Clinton signed the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act (Public Law 105-246) on 8 October 1998. 56 Earlier that summer, the House had ratified the Senate's version of the bill requiring thedisclosure of records related toNazi war crimes and criminals.The Senate's language called for an interagency working group(IWG) to facilitate the review and release of government records.In January 1999, the President appointed three public members,including Agency critic Elizabeth Holtzman, to this task force to over see the declassification efforts of a number of Federal agencies and departments. r,7 The new members quickly focused on the CIA and its holdings on Kurt Waldheim. (U) <br />
<br />
Release of the File (U) <br />
<br />
The Agency released its holdingson Waldheim in 2001. He wasincluded in the CIA's first releaseof its Nazi "name file" holdings,which included Adolf Hitler, JosefMengele, Adolf Eichmann, HeinrichMueller, and Klaus Barbie.Waldheim clearly did not fit easilywith this group of major Nazifigures and war criminals; yet,the release of his records was animportant step in the eyes of thepublic and an important clearingof the air for the Agency itself.Steven Garfinkel, chairman ofthe IWG , remarked in April2001: "I have worked with CIAon declassification issues formore than 20 years, and, in myexperience, the level of cooperationthat the IWG has received isunprecedented. That supportincludes the commitment ofDirector George Tenet. Thesedisclosures add significant newinformation about this most criticaljuncture of world andAmerican history."" (U)<br />
<br />
Despite the information release,the Austrian diplomat remains acontroversial figure. The declassifieddata proved to be adisappointment to those expectingthem to reveal a relationshipbetween the Agency and theformer UN Secretary General.Waldheim's 201 file contains noinformation to indicate that theUS government had any intelligenceinterest in him prior to hisrise to the top at the United.Nations. The records demonstratedthat the CIA had noaffiliation with Waldheim eitherin postwar Austria or while hewas Secretary Genera1. 59 Nor didhis file provide any leads as toWaldheim's wartime career(beyond the long-awaited USrelease of the 1945 S.I.M.E.report) or information aboutwhether the American governmentsuspected the Soviets or theYugosla ys of using Waldheimafter World War II. The IWG, inits press release in the spring of2001, simply stated that the fileindicated that "former UN SecretaryGeneral Kurt Waldheim wasnot an intelligence resource forthe United States, and the CIAcould not conclude that the Soviet Union used or blackmailedWaldheim withinformation about his Nazipast."'" (U)<br />
<br />
Interestingly, the documentrelease turned out to be a noneventin the eyes of the media.61Unlike the high-level attentionthat Rosenthal had given to theWaldheim issue in the editorialpages of the New York Timeswhen the legislation was pending,there was no comparableattention in April 2001. (U) <br />
<br />
The American press alsoneglected to pick up on the storythat Austria's foreign minister,Benita Ferrero-Waldner, appealedto Secretary of State Colin Powellin May 2001 to have Waldheim'sname removed from the WatchList. "Our official relations andpolitical cooperation with theUnited States," the foreign ministercommented, "are so good andintensive that a solution in thistiresome issue must be possible!The most recent publication ofofficial (CIA) files underlines thatit is not justified to maintain sucha far-reaching decision." 62 With some embarrassment, the Departmentof State simply announcedthat the "secretary made it clearthat we're not in a position tochange the US government'sdetermination on Mr. Waldheim,and the secretary took no newpositions on the matter." RichardBoucher, Secretary of State Powell'sspokesman, noted that "wethink that the position that he'staken is well justified. CIA filesdon't really provide any new orrelevant information on the case.They don't change our decisionwith respect to his (Wa/dheim)inclusion in the look-out." 63 (1.1) <br />
<br />
The Waldheim Matter in Retrospect (U)<br />
<br />
The CIA repeatedly showed poor handling of the Waldheim case.Although the Agency and its predecessors had no relationship with the Austrian diplomat, the refusal to declassify information on him in CIA files resulted in the Congressional action forcing theCIA and other Federal agencies and departments to review and release millions of pages of material dating to the earliest days of the CIA and its predecessors. Had the Agency taken steps voluntarily to release information when the Waldheim case exploded on the international scene in1986, it is possible that Congress would never have enacted the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act.Because the CIA refused to release selected material on Waldheim and Nazis in general, the US government is now spending millions of dollars and expending scarce manpower resources to do so under a law targeted specifically at one agency.(U)<br />
<br />
The Agency's poor track record on Waldheim had begun long before the Austrian's past became controversial in 1986. The fact that the CIA performed only rudimentary checks on Waldheim when he became Secretary General of the United Nations in the early 1970s is inexcusable. Rather than accepting his personal account of his wartime activities—which skimmed from 1942 (after his return home from Russia) until 1945 (when he joined the new Austrian Foreign Ministry)—analysts should have questioned just what was he doing during those crucial missing years. As the tide of the war turned against the Nazis, few German males avoided military service, especially to attend law school. The Agency could have performed a more in-depth examination of Waldheim's military career and his assignments both at the National Archives in Washington and at the French-run Wehrmachtauskunftstelle (the German Wehrmacht Information Office) in West Berlin. While the CIA inquired if Waldheim had been a Nazi party member by checking the NSDAP files in the State Department's Berlin Documents Center, this was an insufficient vetting of such a leading international figure. (U) <br />
<br />
To make matters worse, theAgency refused to release the only real record that it had onWaldheim's wartime service—thescanty information listed in the1945 British interrogation report.Once that document surfaced in1986, the CIA should haveworked immediately and intentlywith the British to find a way torelease the S.I.M.E. report. Thereport's innocuous and outdatedinformation far outweighed anyharm that would have resulted inthe 1980s. By failing to arrangefor release of this World War IIreport, the Agency only fueledpublic and Congressional suspicionsthat it sought to shelterWaldheim. (U) <br />
<br />
The Agency also adopted a cavalierattitude towards members ofCongress during the Waldheiminvestigations, even telling oneCongressman to file a FOIArequest for the 1945 Britishreport. It maintained this bearingthrough the 1990s, refusingto honor the promise of ActingDCI Studeman to declassifymaterial related to Nazis. As aresult, millions of pages of documentsfrom the 1940s remainedin the CIA's classified vaults.Public pressure forced Congressto break this logjam—at bothgreat cost and untold damage tothe CIA's image. Only after 1998were the American people, atlong last, able to view the finalsecrets from a war 50 yearsearlier. (U )<br />
<br />
The Waldheim case should not beseen solely through the prism ofWorld War II or Nazi war crimes.The Agency should heed the lessonsfrom theWaldheim experience because the chances are high that a similarincident will happen again. In theaftermath of the Cold War, a newgeneration of world leaders hascome of age. Some of these menand women may have pasts thatthey want to conceal as theyassume new mantles of leadershipin the 21st century. Somemay wish to hide or obfuscatewhat activities they performed inthe old Soviet Union or its puppetgovernments in Eastern Europe. Others may hold secrets aboutsinister activities in theBalkans or in the Middle East,Africa, Asia, or Latin America;and some may be linked to variousterrorist groups. Intelligenceanalysts need to dig below thesurface and study these individualsin depth. Despite today'sinformation overload, it oftentakes old-fashioned detectivework and historical research topiece together a person's past.The Central Intelligence Agencysimply cannot someone else witha reprehensible past rise to a positionof global prominence. (U)<br />
<br />
1 Kurt Waldheim, In the Eye of the Storm:A Memoir (Bethesda, MD: Adler andAdler, 1986). Waldheim's book had beenpublished in England a year earlier. TheGerman-language version of his memoirImGlaspalast der Weltpolitik (Dusseldorfand Vienna: Econ Verlag, 1985)—containsa few more details about his military service,including the fact that he served until1945. Waldheim's other publications—TheChallenge of Peace (London: Weidenfeldand Nicholson, 1980) and Building the FutureOrder: The Search for Peace in an InterdependentWorld (New York, NY: TheFree Press, 1980)—do not discuss his preUNactivities. Waldheim was SecretaryGeneral from 1972-1982. (U)<br />
<br />
2 In addition to investigations of Kurt Waldheim carried out by the World Jewish Congress and the Austrian magazine Profit, the Austrian government, the British government, and a panel of military historians conducted separate inquiries.Thames Television also produced a televised "trial" of Waldheim in June 1988 titled "Waldheim: A Commission of Inquiry." Jack Saltman, the show's producer, published his research for Thames Television in Kurt Waldheim—A Case to Answer? (London: Robson Books, 1988). For further information on the Waldheim case, see Richard Bassett, Waldheim and Austria (New York, NY: Viking Press,1989); Alan Levy, The Wiesenthal File (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1993); Eli M. Rosenbaum,with William Hoffer, Betrayal: The Untold Story of the Kurt Waldheim Investigation and Cover-Up (New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 1993); Luc Rosenzweis and Bernard Cohen, Waldheim, trans. by Josephine Bacon (New York, NY: Adam Books, 1987); Simon Wiesenthal, Justice, Not Vengeance (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1989); and Harold H. TittmanIII, The Waldheim Affair: Democracy Subverted (Dunkirk: Olin Frederick, 2000).(U)<br />
<br />
3 Named after Congresswoman Elizabeth Holtzman of New York, Public Law 95-549 amended the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1952 to incorporate the language and intent of the 1948 Displaced Persons Act and the 1953 Refugee Relief Act to "exclude from admission into the United States aliens who have persecuted any person on the basis of race, religion, national origin, or political opinion, and to facilitate the deportation of such aliens who have been admitted into the United States." United States Code, Congressional and Administrative News, 95th Congress-Second Session 1978, Vol. 4:Legislative History (St. Paul: West Publishing Company, 1979), pp. 4700-4716(U) <br />
<br />
4 Leslie Maitland Werner,'"Waldheim Barred from Entering U.S. over Role in War," New York Times, 28 April 1987, pp.Al and 28. (U)<br />
<br />
5 The Agency opened its "201" file on Kurt Waldheim on 10 January 1972 [ ] 1 GOI byst,ein provides the Agency with a method for identifying a person of specific interest to the DO and for controlling and filing all pertinent information about that person in a single place. DO components can create such a file and assign aseven-digit file number to an individualwhen there is a reasonable expectation that additional information will be acquired on that person. Normally, a 201 file will be opened when a Main Index search reveals substantive information on the individual in five or more documents. The Headquarters 201 file is the official file containing all biographic reporting on and references to the Individual, including personal history and operational assessments.DO Instruction No. 70-41, "The 201 System," 11 August 1994, (S//NF),copy located in CIA History Staff files, Seealso Cable, Director to DO [ ] / C. 11January 1972, Director 219114, f;7iiiiNE), in Kurt Waldheim, File 201-0896881,Records of the Directorate of Operations(hereafter cited as Waldheim, File 201-0896881, DO Records). (S//NF)<br />
<br />
6 Biographical profile, "Kurt Waldheim",July 1964, in Kurt Waldheim "CIA NameFile," National Archives and Records Administration,College Park, Maryland(hereafter cited as NARA). (U) <br />
<br />
7 Directorate of Intelligence, IntelligenceMemorandum, "Kurt Waldheim of Austria:Secretary General of the United Nations,"January 1972, in "CIA Name File,"NARA. (U)<br />
<br />
8 For the first inquiry, see Cable, DO/I C Lto Director, 4 January 1972, DO/I c._,20776, IN 505612, (S//NF), in Waldheim,File 201-0896881, DO Records.(SfiNF) <br />
<br />
9 Cable, DO, C_ to Director, 6 January1972, C-, 20787, IN 506467,(S//NF), in Waldheim, File 201-0896881,DO Records. (S//NF) <br />
<br />
10 At the end of the war, the US Army haduncovered the membership records of theNazi party just before their destruction.These records subsequently were transferredto Berlin and formed the basis of theArmy's 7771 Document Center. In 1953,the State Department assumed responsibilityfor what became known as the BerlinDocuments Center, or BDC. In addition tosome ten million NSDAP membershipcards, the Center contains thousands ofrecords related to other Nazi organizations,including the service files of SS officersAfter years of discussion, the UnitedStates relinquished control of the BDC tothe German government in 1994. (U)<br />
<br />
11 See Cable, Headquarters to l7 January 1972, Director 219136. OUT219436, (S//NF), and Cable,C , toHeadquarters, 12 January 19 rz,15294, IN 511636, (S//NF), both in vvaiahelm,File 201-0896881, DO Records.(S//NF)<br />
<br />
12 Cable, C., 3 fn Headquarters, 17 January_1972 C.. —.7 14703, IN 514662,(S//NF). For clarification phmitSltation'evuu. ^f"gay," see Cable, DO C 1 tk20 January 1972, C. —7 vfic$10,IN 61 anA9. (8//bW), and uable, 3 toDO/] 21 January 1972, c14748, IN o 1es954, (S//NF), all inhelrn File 201-0896881, DO Records.(8//14)<br />
13 For example, see Shirley Hazard, "TheLeague of Frightened Men," The New Republic,19 January 1980, pp. 17-20. (U) <br />
<br />
14 Waldheim's 19 December 1980 reply to Solarz is located in the Austrian's 201 file.In his letter, Waldheim reaffirmed his family's anti-Nazi stance and maintained that he had gone to law school after his release from the German Army Solarz's letter to the DCI is not in the file,. For details about this correspondence, see Shirley Hazzard,Countenance of Muth: The United Nations and the Waldheim Case (New York, NY:Viking, 1990). (U)<br />
<br />
15 See Hitz to Solarz, 31 December 1980,°LC 80-22484,1. in Waldheim, File 201-08PRAR1 flfl Pprewds. Elites letter, signed by C. had been had upon research conducted by C_ 3 Seealso C._ Memorandum for the Record,"Inquiry concerning UN Secretary General Waldheim," 9 March 1981, in Waldbeim, File 201-0896881, DO Records. (11)<br />
<br />
16 Deferred Telepoucb,to Washington, "Information on SecretaryGeneral oftIN " R December 1981,DCD/ c_ 14264, (67/NF), in Wald . 201-0896881, DO Records.(S//NF)<br />
<br />
17 Deferrprl Telenouch, EUR/SAR to DCD, C. 'Information on Secretary General vvaidheim," 23 December 1981, C 103304, (S//NF), in Waldheim, Filellii-0896881, DO Records,(S/lINIF)<br />
<br />
18 A summary of the OSI case against Waldheim is found in US Department of Justice, Criminal Division, In the Matter of Kurt Waldheim (Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, 1987), pp. 1-3 (here after cited as the Waldheim Report).Prepared in April 1987, the OSI report was not released until 1994. (U)<br />
<br />
19 US Congress, House of Representatives,Subcommittee on Hunittri Rights and International Organizations of the Committeeon Foreign Relations, Allegations Concerning Dr. Kurt Waldheim, 99thCong., 2nd sess., 22 April 1986, p. 5. (U)<br />
<br />
20 Gruber testified in the US Congress asto his relationship with Waldheim. SeeIbid., pp. 36-37, and Rosenbaum, Betrayal,pp. 174-175. (U) <br />
<br />
21 Molden's account can be found in the Austrian government's "White Book,"which also examined Waldheim's wartime service and rebutted accusations that he was a war criminal. See Kurt Waldheim's Wartime Years—A Documentation (Vienna:Carl Gerald's Sohn, 1987). (U)<br />
<br />
22 Hamilton to Casey, 24 March 1986;Solarz to Director, Office of General Counsel,27 March 1986, OGC t6-0134Q1 D'Amatoto Casey, 10 April 1986, ER 86-1625X;all in Waldheim, File:201-0896881, DORecords, (U) <br />
<br />
23 For examples, see "HPSCI Chairman Hamilton's and Congressman Solarz's Request for Information on Kurt Waldheim,"25 April 1986, (S//NF); David D. Gries, Director of Congressional Affairs to Hamilton,25 April 1986, OCA 8.6-1361 (SUNF);Gries to D'Amato 29 A Dril 1986, OCA86-1394; C._ M Deputy Director for Senate Artairs to Bernard McMahon,Staff Director, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, 28 April 1986, OCA 86-1378,(S//NF); and Gries to Solarz, 1 May 1986,OCA 86-1425, (Shl\IF), all in Waldheim,File 201-0896881, DO Records. (S/NF) <br />
<br />
24 See Solarz to c .... of Information Act unicer, a April 1986, F86-0431, and Gries to Solarz, 1 May 1986,OCA 86-1425, (S//NF). , both in Waldheirn,File1201-0896881, DO'Recorda„ (S'71\IF)<br />
<br />
25 3 1 Z (Th ief, Operations Groupto L EPS/LG, "Waldheini, Kurt," 2b April 1986, DOR-02215, (SYNE),in Waldheim, File 201-0896881, DORecords. (Si/NE)Report No. 4, <br />
<br />
26 April 1945,originally filed as XARZ-8307 in Rome-X-2-PTS-113, XARX-8307, (S//NF), is now found in Waldheim, File 201-0896881, DORecords. (S//NF)<br />
<br />
27 The Agency refused to release the reportin response to a FOIA request by the World Jewish Congress. See Lee S. Strickland,Information and Privacy Coordinator toEli M. Rosenbaum, World Jewish Congress,9 June 1987, in Waldheim, File 201-0896881, DO Records. (U)<br />
<br />
28 Solarz to the DCI, 23 October 1987, ER87-4677x, in Waldheim, File 201-0896881,DO Records. (U)Gries to Solarz, 16 November 1987, OCA87-5713. For back ground mnt p ri•il to Gries's reply, see C_ _J to Chief, EUR Division, "Congressman Solarz's Request for Information on Kurt Waldheim," [undated], (S), both in Waldheim,File 201-0896881, DO Records. (S)<br />
<br />
30 "Austria Seeks Waldheim File," The Washington Post, 21 October 1987, p. A30.(U)<br />
<br />
31 Lee S. Strickland, Privacy and Information Coordinator to DDA, et. al., "Inquiry from Embassy of Austria," 21 October 1987, (S), in Waldheim, File 201-0896881,DO Records. The Austrians probably were reacting to such press accounts as "New Links to a Nazi Past?," in Newsweek, 5 October 1987, p. 9. (5) <br />
<br />
32 Austrian Embassy, Verbal Note, 22 October 1987, in Waldheim File 201-0896881 DO Records. (U)<br />
<br />
33 C.. Chief, EUR Division,to Strickland, "Release of Information," 30October 1987, (S), in Waldheim, File 201-0896881, DO Records. (S)<br />
<br />
34 Strickland to Amb. Rozanne L. Ridgway,Assistant Secretary of State for European and Canadian Affairs, 5 November 1987,(S//NF), in Waldheim, File 201-0896881,bo Records. The Austrian government used the 5.I.M.E. Report as a part of its"White Book" on Waldheim. (S)<br />
<br />
35 International Commission of Historians,The Waldheim Report (Copenhagen: Museum Tusculaneum Press, 1993). (U)<br />
<br />
36 Arthur Spiegelman, "British Blocking CIA from Releasing Waldheim Document,"Reuters, 2 March 1988. (IT<br />
<br />
37 Cable, Headquarters to . C "Press Reports on Kurt Waldheim," 1 March 1988, Director 928635, (S), in Waldheim,File 201-0896881, DO Records. A few dayslater, Headquarters informed c_a that "British FC0 and MGv are now inclined to quote from and possibly even release 26 Apr 45 S.I.M.E. document asp art of Commando investigation and to counter increasingly fantastic press claims as to its content." The Agency told the British that "we cannot strongly object to British release, and that copy being released can even be sourced to USG (or if necessary [CIA]) archives since [CIA] has already surfaced in the press as holdor doc." See Cable, Headquarters to =."Waldheim Reports/Document," 5 March1988, Director 937491, (S/iNF), in Waldheim,Pile 201-0896881, DO Records. (S)<br />
<br />
38 Solarz to DCI, 3 May 1988, ER 88-1931x;and Director of Congressional Affairs JohnL. Helgerson to Solarz, 8 June 1988, OCA88-1735 both in Waldheim, File 201-0896881, DO Records. (U)<br />
<br />
39 Ministry of Defence, Review of the Resuls of Investigations Carried Out by the Ministry of Defence in 1986 into the fate of British Servicemen Captured in Greece and the Greek Islands between October 1943 arid October 1944 and the Involvement,If Any, of the Then Lieutenant Waldheirn (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1989). See also Michael Evans, "Waldheim 'Not Linked to Shooting of Britoni,'" The Times (London), 11 October 1989, P. 24; Michael Evans, "MoD Report Clears Waldheim of Blame over War Murders," The Times (London), 18 October 1989, p. 8. (U)<br />
<br />
40 A. M. Rosenthal, "The Waldheim File,"New York Tinws, 24 November 1989, P.A35. Herzstein presents his case in his book, Waldheim: The Missing Years (New York, NY: Arbor House/William Morrow,1988). (U)<br />
<br />
41 Dennis Hevesi, "CIA Document Said to Contradict Waldheim," New York Times,30 November 1989, p. A13. (U)<br />
<br />
42 Arthur Spiegelman, "CIA Held File on Waldheim War Role: Record Names Former UN Leader as eferman Intelligence Liaison," The Washington Post, 30November 1989, p. A51. (U)<br />
<br />
43 Holtzman also wrote to President George H. W. Bush. (U)<br />
<br />
44 Elizabeth Holtzman to DCI Robert Gates, 26 March 1992, copy of the letter in CIA History Staff files. (LI)<br />
<br />
45 Adm. William (1 Studeman to Holtzman,10 August 1992, copy of the letter in CIA History Staff files, (U) <br />
<br />
46 Ralph Blumenthal, "CIA is Planning to Unlock Many Long-Secret Nazi Files,"New York Times, 10 September 1992, P.B8. (U)<br />
<br />
47 Ralph Blumenthal, "Nazi Hunter Says CIA Has File on Man Accused of War Crimes," New York Times, 17 September 199 2, p. B10. (U)<br />
<br />
48 After his 1988 book, Herzstein continued to research Waldheim's service in World War II and to speculate on his post war activities. See Robert E. Herzstein,"The Life of Dr. Kurt Waldheim, 1938-1948: Sources in the National Archives," in George 0. Kent, ed., Historians and Archivists:Essays in Modern German History and Archival Policy (Fairfax, VA: George Mason University, 1991), pp. 287-297, and Herzstein, "The Present State of the Waldheim Affair: Second Thoughts and New Direction," in Gunter Bischof and Anton Pelinka, eds., Austrian Historical Memoryry and National Identity (New Brunswick,NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1997). pp.116-134. (U)<br />
<br />
49 A. M. Rosenthal, "The Waldheim File,"New York Times, 24 May 1994, p. A19. (U)<br />
<br />
50 Ibid. Rosenthal's editorial evoked animmediate reaction in the CIA and asearch for information nertaining to theAustrian. See C Office of theDirector, Executive secretariat, toSA/DDO, "Commentary on NPw gnanor " 95May 1994, (S//NE), and C._Chief, External Inquiries Branch, 1MS, toe. , Office of the Director, Executiveoecietitriat, "Your Request dated25 May 1994," 26 May 1994, DOR-03886,(S//NF), both in Waldheim, File 201-0896881, DO Records. (S//NF)<br />
<br />
51 Carolyn B. Maloney, letter to colleagues,12 July 1994, copy of the letter in CIA History Staff files. (U)<br />
<br />
52 A. M. Rosenthal, "The Waldheim Bill,"New York Tunes, 19 August 1994, p. A27.(U) <br />
<br />
53 [ ]— Office of Congressional Affairs,to Director of Information Management,Information and Privacy Coordinator, Director of the Center for the Study of Intelligence, and Litigation Division,Office of General Counsel. "War Crimes Disclosure Act (H.R. 4955)," 23 August 1994, OCA 94-2161, (no classification listed), copy in CIA History Staff files. (IU)<br />
<br />
54 A. M. Rosenthal, "Ms. Maloney and Mr. Waldheim," New York Times, 25 June 1996, p. A21. (U)<br />
<br />
55 "House Votes to Release Data on Nazis,"Washington Times, 25 September 1996,and "CIA is Obstacle in Hunt for Nazis,"Parade Magazine, 22 December 1996, p. 7.(U)<br />
<br />
56 Public Law 105-246, "An Act to Amend Section 522 of Title 5, United States Code,and the National Security Act of 1947 to Require Disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act regarding Certain Persons,Disclose Nazi War Criminal Records without Impairing Any Investigation or Prosecution Conducted by the Department of Justice or Certain Intelligence Matters,and for Other Purposes," and Samuel R.Berger, Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, to Secretary of State, et al, "Implementation of the NaziWar Crimes Disclosure Act," 22 February 1999. Copies of both documents are located in CIA History Staff files. In 2000, the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act and its implementing directive were amended to add records pertaining to the Imperial Japanese government between 1931 and 1945. (U)<br />
<br />
57 The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, "President Clinton Names Thomas Baer, Elizabeth Holtzman, and RichardBen-Veniste as Members of the NaziWar Crimes Records Interagency WorkingGroup," 11 January 1999. Copy located inCIA History Staff file. (U) <br />
<br />
58 Nazi War Crimes and Japanese ImperialGovernment Records Interagency WorkingPress Release, "Nazi War Crimes DisclosureAct Prompts Rare Release of CIA'Name Files," 27 April 2001. Copy locatedin CIA History Staff files. (U)<br />
<br />
59 Waldheim's name, for example, does notappear in the alphabetical section of the1951 master index card list of sources belongingto the 430th Counter IntelligenceCorps Detachment in Austria. For furtherdetails on this card filo (mi,rofilmed byCIA in 1951), sec a —4 Acting Chief,EE/A to Chief, RI, -Microfilm of SourcesRecords, 430" CIC Det., Austria (1951). 13October 1955," in DO Records, Job C.,Box 6, Folder 101, CIA Arcnivesana itecords Center. A CODV is also locatedin DO Reprds, Job C. .3 Box 1,Folder 1, CIA Archives ana rtecords Center.The eight reels of CIC microfilmedrecords are located in DO/IMS, CentralFiles, at CIA Headquarters. (S)<br />
<br />
60 IWG Press Release, 27 April 2001. (U) <br />
<br />
61 For an interesting perspective on the media's role in the Wfddheim case, see John R. Mapother, News as Entertainment:How Austria 3 Anti-Nazi President Became America's Favorite Nazi Culprit(Potomac, MD: privately published, 1999).Mapother, a retired CIA officer, took upWaldheim's cause in the United States andis a vocal critic of the decision to exclude him. (U)<br />
<br />
62 FBIS translation, He rum Amberger and Daniela Kittner, "Unsuccessful Mission in Washington," Vienna Kurier, 24 May 2001.See also HIS translation, interview of Austrian Foreign Minister Benita Ferrero Waldner by Kurt Seinitz, "Initiative in the United States to Lift Watchlist' Decision against Waldheim," Vienna Neue Kronen Zeitung,20 May 2001. (U)<br />
<br />
63 US Refuses to Take Waldhcim Off Nazi'Watch List," 23 May 2001, from website http://english.peopledaily.com . (U)<br />
<br />
The Waldheim case represented a CIA failure on several levels that stretched over decades.<br />
<br />
Waldheim was, in the agent's words, a'colorless bureaucrat.'<br />
<br />
The CIA did not followup on fresh clandestine reports in 1981 that raised questions about Waldheim's whereabouts from 1941 to 1945.<br />
<br />
Department of Justice findings prompted the Attorney General toplace Waldheim on the immigration WatchList in 1987."<br />
<br />
The Agency provided details of the British World War II report to Congress, but refused to release it in its entirety to FOIA requesters.<br />
<br />
Congressman Solarz demanded that the Agency inform him if the OSS had conducted any interrogations of Waldheim.<br />
<br />
The CIA failed tofollow up on ActingDCI Studeman'spromise to locate andreview recordspertaining to Nazis.<br />
<br />
Waldheim wasincluded in the CIA'sfirst release of Nazi"name file" holdings in2001.<br />
<br />
The CIA simply cannot afford to let someone else with a reprehensible past rise to a position of global prominence.<br />
Hunt - Secret Agenda - The Uni<br />
Nov 27, 16<br />
<br />
<a href="https://issuu.com/infowarbooks1/docs/hunt---secret-agenda---the-united-states-governmen">Hunt - Secret Agenda - The United States Government, Nazi Scientists ...</a><br />
https://issuu.com/infowarbooks1/.../hunt---secret-agenda---the-united-states-governme...Nov 23, 2011 - U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel William Henry Whaler, was the highest-placed ... This book reveals that in 1959 and 1960 Whalen was at the helm of the joint ..... Pash was also security chief for the Manhattan Project during the ...... He helped set up the State Department-run Berlin Document Center, which ...<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.benferencz.org/1946-1949.html">1946-1949 - Ben Ferencz</a><br />
www.benferencz.org/1946-1949.htmlMy first assignment was to collect evidence in Berlin that would support a dozen planned ... Telford Taylor, one of Jackson's chief assistants, was about to be promoted to ...... guard at the Berlin Document Center commanded by U.S. Lt. Col. Helms. .... I vividly recall when Rasch's German lawyer, Dr. Hans Surholt came to my <br />
<br />
<a href="https://netteandme.blogspot.com/2015/02/part-6-of-15secret-agendaproject.html?m=0">Just Chillin on History: PART 6 OF 15:SECRET AGENDA:PROJECT ...</a><br />
https://netteandme.blogspot.com/2015/02/part-6-of-15secret-agendaproject.html?m...Feb 28, 2015 - One case involved Hans Zeigler, chief scientist for the U.S. Army Signal Corps in .... got on the forms in his SS file from the Berlin Document Center. ... For problems recruiting see Lieutenant Colonel Edward Sheley, Assistant Chief of Air ..... (93); Islam (30); Israel (147); Italy (16); Jade Helm (4); Jamaica (1)<br />
<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Document_Center">Berlin Document Center - Wikipedia</a><br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Document_Center<br />
The Berlin Document Center (BDC) was created in Berlin, Germany, after the end of World War II. Its task was to centralize the collection of documents from the<br />
<br />
PDF]<a href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_Vol-I.pdf">Trial of the Major War Criminals before International Military Tribunal ...</a><br />
https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_Vol-I.pdfThe first volume contains basic, official, pre-trial documents ... Mi.nutes of the wpenlng session of the Tribunal. at Berlin.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://archive.org/stream/THEFACTUALLISTOFNAZISPROTECTEDBYSPAIN/THE%20FACTUAL%20LIST%20OF%20NAZIS%20PROTECTED%20BY%20SPAIN_djvu.txt">Full text of "THE FACTUAL LIST OF NAZIS PROTECTED BY SPAIN"</a><br />
https://archive.org/.../THE%20FACTUAL%20LIST%20OF%20NAZIS%20PROTECT...<br />
Engineer. Born about 1905. ALBRECHT, Dr. Karl Soenke / Soehnke. Lt. Col. .... with the OKW Abwehr Hi in Berlin and with the German Embassy in Madrid. ..... ptas 3500 per month, Hans HOFFMAN ( chief of the company's Madrid office), ..... ARNOLD thereupon went to a recruiting center and volunteered for the army, after <br />
<br />
PDF]<a href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/007/7-9-1/CMH_Pub_7-9-1.pdf">The Last Offensive - US Army Center Of Military History</a><br />
www.history.army.mil/html/books/007/7-9-1/CMH_Pub_7-9-1.pdfJun 5, 1972 - For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government ... Maj. Gen. Edward Bautz, Jr. United States Continental Army ... Chief Historian for Southeast Asia, he is currently engaged in preparing ... Berlin. This volume is chronologically the final work in the European theater ...... helm Railroad Bridge.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.fpp.co.uk/books/Hitler/1977/html_chapter/14.html">David Irving: Hitler's War, Germany 1939-45, ch 14</a>,<br />
www.fpp.co.uk/books/Hitler/1977/html_chapter/14.html<br />
<a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Lt.+Col.+Hans+Helm%2C+chief+in+the+documents+center%2C&rlz=1CAACAO_enUS719US719&oq=Lt.+Col.+Hans+Helm%2C+chief+in+the+documents+center%2C&aqs=chrome..69i57.422j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#"></a><br />
<a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:R0Dpd_isyvcJ:www.fpp.co.uk/books/Hitler/1977/html_chapter/14.html+&cd=20&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us">Cached</a>,<br />
<a href="https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1CAACAO_enUS719US719&biw=1920&bih=943&q=related:www.fpp.co.uk/books/Hitler/1977/html_chapter/14.html+Lt.+Col.+Hans+Helm,+chief+the+Berlin+documents+center,&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJ1-v52cjQAhVI7CYKHZeQBdE4ChAfCEgwCQ">Similar</a>,<br />
Hewel noted : “The Chief with the F¸hrer. ... On April 24, Canaris's lieutenant, Colonel Lahousen, interviewed General Kvaternik, the new .... Count Schulenburg had not been officially informed of “Barbarossa”; (Hans Krebs, his ... proposals ; but in Berlin this document had been toned down by Ribbentrop's own advisers,<br />
<br />
PDF]<a href="https://www.ikn.army.mil/apps/MIHOF/biographies/Rosenow,%20Kurt.pdf">Mr. Kurt Rosenow - IKN - Army</a><br />
https://www.ikn.army.mil/apps/MIHOF/biographies/Rosenow,%20Kurt.pdf<br />
<a href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:GsgyxtN9MPsJ:https://www.ikn.army.mil/apps/MIHOF/biographies/Rosenow,%2520Kurt.pdf+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us">Cached</a>,<br />
became the first Director of the Berlin Documents Center (BDC), where the archive was held. Most of the collection had been prepared for destruction by the ...<br />
<br />
<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J5EuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA192&lpg=PA192&dq=%22Berlin+documents+center%22&source=bl&ots=p1Di_EZl8u&sig=_PmPBe6sboxAzmnQw2H3zNeDDuY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjd3rCz2sjQAhUHNSYKHalvDjkQ6AEIHzAB">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust - Page 192 - Google Books Result</a><br />
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1135969507<br />
<a href="https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1CAACAO_enUS719US719&biw=1920&bih=943&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Dr+Robert+Rozett%22&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjd3rCz2sjQAhUHNSYKHalvDjkQ9AgIIDAB">Dr Robert Rozett</a>, <a href="https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1CAACAO_enUS719US719&biw=1920&bih=943&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Dr+Shmuel+Spector%22&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjd3rCz2sjQAhUHNSYKHalvDjkQ9AgIITAB">Dr Shmuel Spector</a> - 2013 - HistoryThe BERLIN Documents Center is an archive that contains two sets of Holocaust materials. The first set was discovered by the UNITED STATES army in a paper ...<br />
<br />
<a href="http://merrill.umd.edu/academics/phd-program/resources/">Research Resources - Philip Merrill College of Journalism</a><br />
merrill.umd.edu/academics/phd-program/resources/<br />
<a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:uYRRbhxZMU8J:merrill.umd.edu/academics/phd-program/resources/+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us">Cached</a>,<br />
Jul 11, 2016 - ... Collection; Textual records from most civilian agencies; Army records dating from World Wars I and II; Berlin Documents Center microfilm.<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.archives.gov/dc-metro">NARA's Washington, DC, Area Locations | National Archives</a><br />
https://www.archives.gov/dc-metro<br />
<a href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:742T6MlrxQ8J:https://www.archives.gov/dc-metro+&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us">Cached</a>,<br />
... Presidential Materials; Motion picture, sound, and video records; John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection; Berlin Documents Center microfilm.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://searchworks.stanford.edu/?q=%22Germany+(Territory+under+Allied+occupation%2C+1945-1955+%3A+United+States+Zone).+Berlin+Documents+Center.%22&search_field=search_author">1 result in SearchWorks</a><br />
https://searchworks.stanford.edu/?q=%22Germany+(Territory...Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : United States Zone). Berlin Documents Center. [S.l.] : Lithographed by the Adjutant General, OMGUS, ...<br />
<br />
[PDF]<a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/EGGEN,%20HANS%20WILHELM_0047.pdf">Berlin Documents Center Documents Attached is a reproduction of ...</a><br />
https://www.cia.gov/.../EGGEN,%20HANS%20WILHELM_0047.p...<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Lt.+Col.+Hans+Helm%2C+chief+in+the+documents+center%2C&rlz=1CAACAO_enUS719US719&oq=Lt.+Col.+Hans+Helm%2C+chief+in+the+documents+center%2C&aqs=chrome..69i57.422j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#"></a>
<a href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:wlB9loS-3YUJ:https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/EGGEN,%2520HANS%2520WILHELM_0047.pdf+&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us">Cached</a><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/EGGEN,%2520HANS%2520WILHELM_0047.pdf&prev=search">Translate this page</a>Berlin Documents Center Documents. Attached is a reproduction of Berlin. Documents Center data on subject; the reproduction was made by them, by special ...<br />
<br />
<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jqrPREz25q8C&pg=PA126&lpg=PA126&dq=%22Berlin+documents+center%22&source=bl&ots=kbM6KqU7UV&sig=SNFfHNg1JyML7HzKYDfQDgGQc-g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjd3rCz2sjQAhUHNSYKHalvDjkQ6AEINzAG">Cold War Saga - Page 126 - Google Books Result</a><br />
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1608880095<br />
<a href="https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1CAACAO_enUS719US719&biw=1920&bih=943&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Kempton+Jenkins%22&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjd3rCz2sjQAhUHNSYKHalvDjkQ9AgIODAG">Kempton Jenkins</a> - 2010 - HistoryIn Berlin, at the end of the war, the Allies had taken possession of the central Nazi party files, the Berlin Documents Center. With typical German efficiency, these ...<br />
<br />
<a href="http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=2027">Germany, Index of Jews Whose German Nationality was Annulled by ...</a><br />
search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=2027<br />
<a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:YCG5MDzRPxcJ:search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx%3Fdbid%3D2027+&cd=8&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us">Cached</a>,<br />
<a href="https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1CAACAO_enUS719US719&biw=1920&bih=943&q=related:search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx%3Fdbid%3D2027+%22Berlin+documents+center%22&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjd3rCz2sjQAhUHNSYKHalvDjkQHwg-MAc">Similar</a>,<br />
Name Index of Jews Whose German Nationality was Annulled by the Nazi Regime (Berlin Documents Center). NARA microfilm publication T355, 9 rolls.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HDE4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA389&lpg=PA389&dq=%22Berlin+documents+center%22&source=bl&ots=6GxZKjt_VH&sig=k6AWogHUW2OSZHsmBt0w3YUZiAY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjd3rCz2sjQAhUHNSYKHalvDjkQ6AEIQDAI">The American Archivist</a><br />
https://books.google.com/books?id=HDE4AAAAMAAJ<br />
1946 - ArchivesBencowitz. The Ministerial Collecting Center was moved to Berlin late last April and consolidated with the Berlin Documents Center under Col. Helm. In Bavaria ...<br />
<br />
[PDF]<a href="http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206274.pdf">Documentation Centers - Yad Vashem</a><br />
www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206274.pdf<br />
<a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:_lRSERHtPR0J:www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%2520Word%2520-%25206274.pdf+&cd=10&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us">Cached</a>,<br />
<a href="https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1CAACAO_enUS719US719&biw=1920&bih=943&q=related:www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%2520Word%2520-%25206274.pdf+%22Berlin+documents+center%22&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjd3rCz2sjQAhUHNSYKHalvDjkQHwhGMAk">Similar</a>,<br />
Holocaust. The Berlin Documents Center is an archive that contains two sets of. Holocaust materials. The first set was discovered by the United States army in.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hgf-1AGqIa4C&pg=PT69&lpg=PT69&dq=%22Berlin+documents+center%22&source=bl&ots=tvt1dr8AEw&sig=p3i1KsKaU14ZaZP6IsPUJ1ZcP9w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjCuMHU2sjQAhUB1CYKHTA7BBM4ChDoAQgbMAE">Spymaster - Google Books Result</a><br />
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1612342035<br />
<a href="https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&rlz=1CAACAO_enUS719US719&biw=1920&bih=943&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Ted+Shackley%22&ved=0ahUKEwjCuMHU2sjQAhUB1CYKHTA7BBM4ChD0CAgcMAE">Ted Shackley</a>, <a href="https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&rlz=1CAACAO_enUS719US719&biw=1920&bih=943&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Richard+A.+Finney%22&ved=0ahUKEwjCuMHU2sjQAhUB1CYKHTA7BBM4ChD0CAgdMAE">Richard A. Finney</a> - 2011 - Biography & Autobiography... and bureaucratic language with which we had all become familiar from prolonged study at the Berlin Documents Center. These forged documents were then <br />
<br />
<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GnkBYN8ipYcC&pg=PA482&lpg=PA482&dq=%22Berlin+documents+center%22&source=bl&ots=DiHqdnfg_L&sig=-sv2FwejpsuOFveo4LurrFrPWqk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjCuMHU2sjQAhUB1CYKHTA7BBM4ChDoAQgiMAM">U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis - Page 482 - Google Books Result</a><br />
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0521617944<br />
<a href="https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&rlz=1CAACAO_enUS719US719&biw=1920&bih=943&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Richard+Breitman%22&ved=0ahUKEwjCuMHU2sjQAhUB1CYKHTA7BBM4ChD0CAgjMAM">Richard Breitman</a> - 2005 - History... 101 The Battle for Rome, 77, 79 Bauer, Yehuda, 54 Baun, Hermann, 380-81, 383, 387, 389 BDC (Berlin Documents Center), 339, 350 Becher, Kurt, 57, 130, ...<br />
<br />
<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U3HmrmD_4TwC&pg=PA99&lpg=PA99&dq=%22Berlin+documents+center%22&source=bl&ots=lijig2YHrR&sig=7aiAhOgWwchUjQ9jl7xWq54LFn4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjCuMHU2sjQAhUB1CYKHTA7BBM4ChDoAQglMAQ">Mission on the Rhine: "Reeducation" and Denazification in ...</a><br />
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0226793583<br />
<a href="https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&rlz=1CAACAO_enUS719US719&biw=1920&bih=943&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22James+F.+Tent%22&ved=0ahUKEwjCuMHU2sjQAhUB1CYKHTA7BBM4ChD0CAgmMAQ">James F. Tent</a> - 1984 - EducationThe Berlin Documents Center, which had finally begun to function with relative efficiency, could send back confirmation of whether any given student had or had <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.acronymattic.com/Berlin-Document-Center-(BDC).html">BDC - Berlin Document Center | AcronymAttic</a><br />
www.acronymattic.com/Berlin-Document-Center-(BDC).htmlHow is Berlin Document Center abbreviated? BDC stands for Berlin Document Center. BDC is defined as Berlin Document Center frequently.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/lilly/mss/index.php?p=epsteininv">Epstein mss. - Indiana University Bloomington</a><br />
www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/lilly/mss/index.php?p=epsteininv<br />
<a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:5Ole-uWSYakJ:www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/lilly/mss/index.php%3Fp%3Depsteininv+&cd=19&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us">Cached</a>,<br />
Scheibert, Peter; Schwabe, Klaus; Shirer, William; Snell, John; Sontag, Ray; Spuler, Bertold; Stone, Isaac: Berlin Documents Center; Sweet, Paul; Thimme, ...<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.kedem-auctions.com/content/collection-documents-estate-isaac-stone-%E2%80%93-part-prosecution-team-nuremberg%C2%A0trials">Collection of Documents from the Estate of Isaac Stone – Part of the ...</a><br />
https://www.kedem-auctions.com/.../collection-documents-estate-isaac-stone-–-part-pr...<br />
<a href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:eoC_gX-rrSwJ:https://www.kedem-auctions.com/content/collection-documents-estate-isaac-stone-%25E2%2580%2593-part-prosecution-team-nuremberg%25C2%25A0trials+&cd=20&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us">Cached</a>,<br />
Large collection of documents, from the estate of Isaac Stone, head of the Berlin Documents Center and U.S. foreign service office, [1940s]. Isaac A. Stone was<br />
<br />
<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2L4WDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA406&lpg=PA406&dq=%22Berlin+documents+center%22&source=bl&ots=H3JwPx7BTK&sig=YLQKRUmdHlT47QJTv9D7WkzrOIk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjCuMHU2sjQAhUB1CYKHTA7BBM4ChDoAQgrMAY">Nazi Medicine and the Nuremberg Trials: From Medical Warcrimes to ...</a><br />
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0230506054<br />
<a href="https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&rlz=1CAACAO_enUS719US719&biw=1920&bih=943&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22P.+Weindling%22&ved=0ahUKEwjCuMHU2sjQAhUB1CYKHTA7BBM4ChD0CAgsMAY">P. Weindling</a> - 2004 - HistoryNARA RG 238 Office of the Chief of Council for War Crimes, Berlin Branch, entry 202 box 2 NM 70 OMGUS to Berlin Documents Center, 9 October 1946.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bDpG6av177UC&pg=PA201&lpg=PA201&dq=%22Berlin+documents+center%22&source=bl&ots=G7jswbRsN6&sig=kZiffNc6dOZ-FcVJb1q1Apj6Dw0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwis_pv52sjQAhWHZCYKHSXjAkA4FBDoAQgZMAA">Under the Bombs: The German Home Front, 1942-1945</a><br />
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0813109779<br />
<a href="https://www.google.com/search?sa=N&rlz=1CAACAO_enUS719US719&biw=1920&bih=943&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Earl+R.+Beck%22&ved=0ahUKEwis_pv52sjQAhWHZCYKHSXjAkA4FBD0CAgaMAA">Earl R. Beck</a> - 1999 - History... German Labor Party, and T 580, records of the National Socialist German Labor Party from the Berlin Documents Center. There are some materials in Notes.<br />
<br />
[PDF]<a href="http://www.mjhnyc.org/pressroom/documents/Gibsonletter.pdf">Mel Gibson Invited to Museum - Museum of Jewish Heritage</a><br />
www.mjhnyc.org/pressroom/documents/Gibsonletter.pdf<br />
<a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:62sX4P_Xv2UJ:www.mjhnyc.org/pressroom/documents/Gibsonletter.pdf+&cd=22&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us">Cached</a>,<br />
From 19881994, Dr. Marwell served as the Executive Director of the Berlin Documents Center. In other capacities, Dr. Marwell served at the US Holocaust .<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41963435">World War II Documents and Interrogations - JStor</a><br />
https://www.jstor.org/stable/41963435No one could now conceal his membership in, and his service to, Hitler's party. These files became a part of the holdings of the. Berlin Documents Center, where <br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/07/09/foreign-journal/53f446fb-4064-416f-968a-62e08c6557a1/">FOREIGN JOURNAL - The Washington Post</a><br />
https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/.../53f446fb-4064-416f-968a-62e08c6557a1/Jul 9, 1990 - ... is one of about 100 million pieces of paper in 30 million files in a massive underground complex called the Berlin Documents Center.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1988/01/19/l-petterson-dies/77fabab3-fb95-411d-9d4a-0a146c273ea5/">L. PETTERSON DIES - The Washington Post</a><br />
https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/.../77fabab3-fb95-411d-9d4a-0a146c273ea5/Jan 19, 1988 - Lucille M. Petterson,72, a former Central Intelligence Agency biographical analyst and retired director of the Berlin Documents Center, died of ...<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Oestreicher-11">Edith Lore Oestreicher (1918-2011) | WikiTree: The FREE Family Tree</a><br />
www.wikitree.com/wiki/Oestreicher-11<br />
<a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Ex8JXjliWYsJ:www.wikitree.com/wiki/Oestreicher-11+&cd=30&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us">Cached</a>,<br />
Apr 5, 2016 - ... Name Index of Jews Whose German Nationality Was Annulled by the Nazi Regime (Berlin Documents Center); Record Group: 242, National <br />
<br />
<a href="http://jspacenews.com/long-lost-documents-reportedly-nuremberg-trials-displayed-auctioned/">Long-Lost Documents From Nuremberg Trials To Be Displayed ...</a><br />
jspacenews.com › Europe<br />
<a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:nTS0VieXtgMJ:jspacenews.com/long-lost-documents-reportedly-nuremberg-trials-displayed-auctioned/+&cd=33&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us">Cached</a>,<br />
Jan 27, 2014 - Designated Lot 72, the collection is believed to be from the estate of Isaac Stone, head of the Berlin Documents Center and US foreign service <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/2471915/jewish/Nuremberg-Documents-Discovered-Displayed-and-Up-for-Auction.htm">Nuremberg Documents Discovered, Displayed and Up for Auction ...</a><br />
www.chabad.org/.../Nuremberg-Documents-Discovered-Displayed-and-Up-for-Aucti...<br />
<a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:HozAg2eTFugJ:www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/2471915/jewish/Nuremberg-Documents-Discovered-Displayed-and-Up-for-Auction.htm+&cd=38&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us">Cached</a>,<br />
Jan 26, 2014 - In the latter part of the 1940s, Stone served in the U.S. Foreign Service and directed the Berlin Documents Center, established for the purpose<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.ihr.org/jhr/v19/v19n6p12_butz.html">Historical Past vs. Political Present - Institute for Historical Review</a><br />
www.ihr.org/jhr/v19/v19n6p12_butz.html<br />
<a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:8qTqnFHIAuwJ:www.ihr.org/jhr/v19/v19n6p12_butz.html+&cd=45&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us">Cached</a>,<br />
Despite the lack of a Berlin Documents Center online search function, a development of recent years has been the availability of much information on the web.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=77894">Michael Witmann - Waffen-SS Signature? - Axis History Forum</a><br />
forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=77894<br />
<a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:rsfqe9ta3zAJ:forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php%3Ft%3D77894+&cd=47&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us">Cached</a>,<br />
This is Wittmann's signature on his Lebenslauf (personal history record) in the Berlin Documents Center. You do not have the required permissions to view the <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.worldcat.org/title/who-was-a-nazi-facts-about-the-membership-procedure-of-the-nazi-party/oclc/8559204">Who was a Nazi? : Facts about the membership procedure of the Nazi ...</a><br />
www.worldcat.org/title/who-was-a-nazi-facts-about-the...of-the.../8559204<br />
<a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:viDvxkio_WIJ:www.worldcat.org/title/who-was-a-nazi-facts-about-the-membership-procedure-of-the-nazi-party/oclc/8559204+&cd=48&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us">Cached</a>,<br />
Facts about the membership procedure of the Nazi party. [Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : U.S. Zone). Berlin Documents Center.]<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/slanews/bsemonchefiles/Super_Searchers/herschaft.html">AP Reporters and Researchers - Ibiblio</a><br />
www.ibiblio.org/slanews/bsemonchefiles/Super_Searchers/herschaft.html<br />
<a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:WUP6F7Qnw7gJ:www.ibiblio.org/slanews/bsemonchefiles/Super_Searchers/herschaft.html+&cd=49&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us">Cached</a>,<br />
Collection; still pictures; the Berlin Documents Center microfilm; and textual records from most civilian agencies and military records dating from World War 11.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1179/nam.1953.1.3.224">Editor's Page</a>,<br />
www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1179/nam.1953.1.3.2241948 I was a member of the Berlin Documents Center, U. S.Army, in charge of captured German officialrecords and·Nazi party files, for organization, checkingStevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23873592.post-40934131052531562502017-04-02T17:39:00.000-04:002017-04-03T21:34:50.077-04:00July 31, 1977, New York Times, Ex-Official Says He Stole 1948 Election for Johnson; Most Involved Are Now Dead, Published the same day as the much longer version of the Associated Press article found here:<br />
<br />
July 31, 1977, AP - Corsicana [TX] Daily Sun, pages A1, A5, <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/66266833/#">Judge admits Johnson fix; 1948 election fraud confirmed for 'peace of mind'</a>, Associated Press,<br />
the New York Times did more than truncate the meaning to save space. Gratuitous edits look like a plagiarist was trying to hide his tracks. And some questionable insertions serve to weaken the piece.<br />
On purpose I wonder?<br />
<br />
<br />
July 31, 1977, PA - New York Times, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9902EEDC103BE43ABC4950DFB166838C669EDE">Ex-Official Says He Stole 1948 Election for Johnson</a>; Most Involved Are Now Dead, [<a href="http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9902EEDC103BE43ABC4950DFB166838C669EDE">PDF</a>] [<a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?res=9902EEDC103BE43ABC4950DFB166838C669EDE">TimesMachine</a>] [<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1977/07/31/archives/exofficial-says-he-stole-1948-election-for-johnson-most-involved.html?_r=0">NYT Uncorrected Text</a>] 807 words<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqVrYJynYiwJ5eBSp2ahiPUuCjJreQeo7Hkta9rR1OxAVpcl9dxkXa_Xi_IH7K5_kq7ThwvGKV8Wl6JMamxBb6YBmcyG9IXbIxmbbc06Tg2TX7Lz1Ka-JNB_iJrPBjqlUjkuublg/s1600/July+31%252C+1977%252C+New+York+Times%252C+Ex-Official+Says+He+Stole+1948+Election+for+Johnson%253B1.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqVrYJynYiwJ5eBSp2ahiPUuCjJreQeo7Hkta9rR1OxAVpcl9dxkXa_Xi_IH7K5_kq7ThwvGKV8Wl6JMamxBb6YBmcyG9IXbIxmbbc06Tg2TX7Lz1Ka-JNB_iJrPBjqlUjkuublg/s1600/July+31%252C+1977%252C+New+York+Times%252C+Ex-Official+Says+He+Stole+1948+Election+for+Johnson%253B1.png" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiywC7YRswEt4ltZ55eSXCHUoSvHZQgdCic5CsSAlMxf1qlymoHTlKiKtlNI9FizcHh4GP_A5UwTaaPEC9lbJWHd0NgD2Wxat3bMAi5yC3QZVry0UDVGU1MM6bmYkdKZf2raJ8BjA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-01+at+12.49.15.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiywC7YRswEt4ltZ55eSXCHUoSvHZQgdCic5CsSAlMxf1qlymoHTlKiKtlNI9FizcHh4GP_A5UwTaaPEC9lbJWHd0NgD2Wxat3bMAi5yC3QZVry0UDVGU1MM6bmYkdKZf2raJ8BjA/s1600/Screenshot+2017-04-01+at+12.49.15.png" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
ALICE, Tex., July 30—A former Texas voting official, seeking "peace of mind," says he certified enough fictitious ballots to steal an election 29 years ago and launch Lyndon Johnson on the path that led to the Presidency.<br />
<br />
The disclosure was made by Luis Salas, who was the election judge for Jim Wells County's Box 13, which produced just enough votes in the 1948 Texas Democratic primary runoff to give Mr. Johnson the party's nomination for the United States Senate, then tantamount to election.<br />
<br />
“Johnson did not win that election—it was stolen for him and I know exactly how it was done,” said Mr. Salas, now a lean, white‐haired 76‐year‐old.<br />
<br />
The election has been a subject of controversy and conjecture for nearly three decades, since Justice Hugo Black of the United States Supreme Court abruptly halted an investigation, but the principals have been silent.<br />
<br />
<b>Most Involved Are Now Dead </b><br />
<br />
George B. Parr, the South Texas political leader whom Mr. Salas served for’ a decade, shot and killed himself in April 1975. Mr. Johnson is dead and so is his opponent. Mr. Salas, retired from his railroad telegrapher's job, is among the few living persons with direct knowledge of the election.<br />
<br />
Mr. Johnson's widow, Lady Bird, was informed of Mr. Salas's statements and said through a spokesman that she “knows no more about the details of the 1948 election other than that charges were made at the time, carried through several courts and finally to a Justice at the Supreme Court.”<br />
<br />
Despite frequent requests in recent years, Mr. Salas only recently agreed to tell his full version of what happened. In his soft Spanish accent, Mr. Sales said he decided to break his silence in quest of “peace of mind and to reveal to the people the corruption of politics.” He said he had first ascertained that he would face no legal problems as a result.<br />
<br />
Mr. Salas says now that he lied in an aborted investigation of the election, in 1948 when he testified that the vote count had been proper and aboveboard. “I was just going along with my party,” he says.<br />
<br />
He said Mr. Parr ordered that 200‐odd votes be added to Mr. Johnson's total from Box 13. Mr. Salas said he had seen the fraudulent votes added in alphabetical order and had then certified them as authentic on orders from Mr. Parr.<br />
<br />
The Associated Press interviewed everyone connected with the case still alive to corroborate Mr. Salas's story. One man who got a brief look at the Box 13 vote tally in the original investigation was a former agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, T. Kellis Dibrell. He confirmed Mr. Salas's statement that the last 200 votes had been in alphabetical order.<br />
<br />
“It stuck out like a sore thumb,” Mr. Dibrell said. “Also. the last 202 names were made with the same colored ink. and in the same handwriting, whereas the earlier names in the poll list were written by different individuals and in different color inks.”<br />
<br />
The final statewide count, including Box 13 votes, gave Mr. Johnson an 87 vote margin in a total tally approaching 1 million, earning him the tongue‐in-cheek nickname “Landslide Lyndon.”<br />
<br />
The vote in the July primary had been 405,617 for Mr. Johnson to 477,077 for Coke R. Stevenson, a three‐time governor of Texas. But a third candidate, George Perry, siphoned off enough votes to deny Mr. Stevenson a majority, forcing the Aug. 28 runoff between him and Mr. Johnson.<br />
<br />
The night of the runoff, Jim Wells County's vote was wired to the Texas Election Bureau, the unofficial tabulating agency: Mr. Johnson 1,786, Mr. Stevenson 769.<br />
<br />
Three days after the runoff, with Mr. Stevenson narrowly leading and the seesaw count nearly complete, Mr. Salas said, a meeting was called in Mr. Parr's office 10 miles from Alice.<br />
<br />
Mr. Salas recalled: “Lyndon Johnson said: ‘If I can get 200 more votes, I've got it won.’<br />
<br />
“Parr said to me in Spanish: ‘We need to win this election. I want you to add those 200 votes.'”<br />
<br />
Mr. Salas said he had told Mr. Parr he would add the votes, “because I didn't want anybody to think I'm not backing up my party—I said I would be with the party to the end.”<br />
<br />
Mr. Salas said he was M. Parr's righthand man in Jim Wells County from 1940 to 1950, but quit over Mr. Parr's failure to support a fellow Mexican‐American who had been chargtd with murder.<br />
<br />
“We had the law to ourselves there,” • Mr. Salas said. “We had iron control. If a man was opposed to us, we'd put him out of business. Parr was the Godfather. IHe had life or death control. We could tell any election judge: ‘Give us SO per 1cent of are vote, the other guy 20 per cent.’ We had it made in every election.”StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23873592.post-2957319658493814112017-03-31T18:56:00.003-04:002017-04-01T13:16:11.338-04:00July 31, 1977, AP - Corsicana Daily Sun, pages A1, A5, Judge admits Johnson fix; 1948 election fraud confirmed for 'peace of mind',July 31, 1977, AP - Corsicana [TX] Daily Sun, pages A1, A5, <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/66266833/#">Judge admits Johnson fix; 1948 election fraud confirmed for 'peace of mind'</a>, Associated Press,<br />
<br />
<blockquote>
(<i><b>See:</b> August 4, 1977, AP - Clovis [NM] News-Journal, page 9, <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/2352590/">LBJ Election Steal Alleged By Former Official</a>, where an AP byline goes to James W. Mangan</i>)</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT5tFH31yzKMh9fjfob-1sD6uIrpn50ZbiWvBmdQQeWAZNbc55MTfT_Y4q1OKzyWxtIqXKBI-jzrkUFjwdCE81mnuM57h6Nbra8d338GQYSDSz65aYOol7LB8vbrNtgR-IdFc6bg/s1600/Screenshot+2017-03-31+at+07.13.17.png" /><br />
<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGJtqF7DJjfRM36j_KixLvx-Een5w2HtYYIs-MIxP3BOLWl-pyYC4YrS680dWmLhJEdd8NQH9UiSFekShDn7m08nXt2ioJcL5QuJ4blNvzFSi4MoblXSu3DeyLAmaomvebaHmNZQ/s1600/2+of+5.png" /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV5kmLkH8Oq-Sbz_JO_1g6fwLCXcW6a3Ma-NKgH6ihblfnaLXu0hDWRkbPK4xofiY6AoRYUV-XRg0vwW1n7m3UpSFGr4jpwTubMnZuGoBmkTW_nQA_m4ipKoQcYsIPZ9bLqOWwPw/s1600/3+of+5.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV5kmLkH8Oq-Sbz_JO_1g6fwLCXcW6a3Ma-NKgH6ihblfnaLXu0hDWRkbPK4xofiY6AoRYUV-XRg0vwW1n7m3UpSFGr4jpwTubMnZuGoBmkTW_nQA_m4ipKoQcYsIPZ9bLqOWwPw/s1600/3+of+5.png" /></a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbnQQ22iKM1tsKKmX_liIowp9u7DrZgIQn027WMx_0W6HHBUfdKRis_u17-UgzC-Va3Y9ovZzpQx13echr3mtPGjQPGYu_Fyz12G7Ovkuc07SmbbrSPLs8U0-bBVqwvQ5tVkEDjQ/s1600/4+of+5.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbnQQ22iKM1tsKKmX_liIowp9u7DrZgIQn027WMx_0W6HHBUfdKRis_u17-UgzC-Va3Y9ovZzpQx13echr3mtPGjQPGYu_Fyz12G7Ovkuc07SmbbrSPLs8U0-bBVqwvQ5tVkEDjQ/s1600/4+of+5.png" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAqc2TJfpssUQUaBlIr9McTw2AWNDMw2arMTDbcHdpIrftaWdgVGInCe7Z7dDrpgaWd8evsSu2iA8FndxaHaNZE0NAeUXHUEqhop9XOjl4Bp8RV6_bdMC2-v13ZxQcPKcekbI_iw/s1600/5+of+5.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAqc2TJfpssUQUaBlIr9McTw2AWNDMw2arMTDbcHdpIrftaWdgVGInCe7Z7dDrpgaWd8evsSu2iA8FndxaHaNZE0NAeUXHUEqhop9XOjl4Bp8RV6_bdMC2-v13ZxQcPKcekbI_iw/s1600/5+of+5.png" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Excerpts:</b><br />
<br />
The final statewide count gave Johnson an 87-vote margin in total tally approaching 1 million and earned him the tongue-in-cheek nickname, "Landslide Lyndon."<br />
<br />
Here is how Box 13 generated the haze of suspicion Johnson never quite dispelled.<br />
<br />
In the Texas of the 1940s, the Democratic nominee was the sure winner in any statewide general election.<br />
Any battles were fought in the party, and if they had to be settled in an election, it was the primary that counted.<br />
<br />
Texas Democrats were split in 1948. Johnson, then 39, was a brash, 6-foot-3 congressman, representing "new" Democrats in his bid for the U.S. Senate. His opponent was Coke R. Stevenson -- 60 years old, six feet tall, three times Texas governor, never beaten and the candidate of the "old" wing of the party.<br />
<br />
In the July primary Stevenson polled 477,077 votes to 405,617 for Johnson. But a third candidate, George Petty, siphoned off enough votes to deny Stevenson a majority. That forced a runoff between Stevenson and Johnson, set for Aug. 28, 1948.<br />
<br />
Stevenson, known as "Calculating Coke," didn't stay in Texas to campaign during the next month, but went to Washington, looking, it was said, for a place to live after the general election.<br />
<br />
Johnson spent the month campaigning intensely.<br />
<br />
One of the places Johnson went stumping was the hot, flat, brush country of South Texas, to George B. Parr country, where the Mexican-American vote seemed always to come in a block.<br />
<br />
....<br />
<br />
<br />
13 days after the runoff election, on Sept. 10, Stevenson went to Alice. His party included former Texas Ranger Frank Hamer, a respected and feared lawman whose exploits included a role in the 1934 ambush slaying of desperados Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow, and former FBI agent T Kellis Dibrell. They demanded the Box 13 poll and tally lists. The poll list records names of individuals as they sign up to vote; the tally list gives the total votes cast.<br />
<blockquote>
(<i><b>See: </b>Wikipedia Talk Page--<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3AFrank_Hamer">Frank Hamer</a> below</i>)</blockquote>
B. F. "Tom" Donald, secretary of the Jim Wells County Democratic Executive Committee, produced a copy of the poll list, but, Dibrell said, snatched it away when Dibrell began to copy names from it.<br />
<br />
"We didn't have a court order or anything and legally there was nothing we could do about it," Dibrell said.<br />
<br />
Dibrell told the AP recently that the brief look confirmed a suspicion that the last 202 names were in alphabetical order. "It stuck out like a sore thumb. Also, the last 202 names were made with the same colored ink, and in the same handwriting, whereas the earlier names in the poll list were written by different individuals and in different color inks," Dibrell said.<br />
<br />
(Donald, reached at his home in Alice, said: "I'm old and retired. I don't want to talk about it. I hate to be rude, but I don't want to be bothered. If I gave an interview, what would you pay me?")<br />
<br />
The chairman of the Jim Wells County Democratic Executive committee in 1948 was Clarence Martens, now an oilman in Laredo, Tex. He told the AP his committee met after the election and routinely certified the results. "I did not actually see the poll and tally lists for the precincts. Once the total was certified by the committee, it was over as far as I was concerned. I heard rumors afterward of course."<br />
<br />
Stevenson decided against suing in state court. Dibrell said a judge supported by Parr would have presided. Also, time was short. Ballots for the November general election had to be printed in early October, and one name or the other had to be included.<br />
<br />
Instead, Stevenson went to federal court in Fort Worth. On Sept. 14, <span style="color: red;">Judge T. Whitfield Davidson</span> signed a temporary restraining order forbidding certification of Johnson as Democratic nominee.<br />
<br />
On Sept. 21, Judge Davidson opened a hearing on his order with a surprise suggestion that both names be placed on the ballot. "In other words, let the people of Texas decide the winner, he suggested."<br />
<br />
Stevenson agreed immediately. Johnson refused.<br />
<br />
The hearing lasted two days, but none of the witnesses testified to the key allegation that the last 202 names on the Box 13 list were in alphabetical order. The judge ordered an on-the-spot investigation of voting in Jim Wells County.<br />
<br />
When the hearing began, on Sept. 27, reporters from around the country showed up in Alice. By then it was national news. That same day, in Washington, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black agreed to hear Johnson's petition to lift the injunction. Johnson's attorney was Abe Fortus, in later years a Johnson appointee to the high court.<br />
<br />
Stevenson was in Alice that day; Johnson was on President Harry S. Truman's campaign train elsewhere in Texas. During a campaign atop in Temple. Tex., Truman brought Johnson to his side and publicly endorsed him as the next senator from Texas. Also on the train at San Antonio that day, according to Salas, were George B. Parr, who had received a presidential pardon from Truman in 1946 after serving nine months on an income tax conviction, and executive committeeman Lloyd.<br />
<br />
Salas told The AP he was summoned the next day by Lloyd and told: "Luid, everything is all right. We talked to Truman on the train. Don't worry about the investigation."<br />
<br />
At the hearing, Salas, as the election judge, was subpoenaed. He testified: "I went to see Mr. Donald on the night of Sept. 14. I borrowed his poll and rally lists. I wanted to compare his lists with mine. They tallied, the election was level."<br />
<br />
"Where are those lists now, Mr. Salas?" a Stevenson lawyer asked.<br />
<br />
"Well," Salas testified, "I put my lists and the ones I got from Mr. Donald in the glove compartment of my car. I went to a party and parked my car outside. Somebody stole them (the lists) while I was inside."<br />
<br />
Salas told the AP, "That's what I said but I lied. I was just going along with my party. I was told by Ed Loyd what to say."<br />
<br />
The hearing ended abruptly two days later, on Sept. 29. Justice Black, in an order he dated himself in longhand, voided the temporary injunction against putting Johnson's name on the ballot. Black said, "it would be a serious break with the past" for a federal court to determine an election contest.<br />
<br />
Stevenson had lost; Johnson had won.<br />
<br />
The Box 13 ballot box was opened in court just as the hearing was ended. Subsequently, the ballots were destroyed as prescribed by law and the poll and tally lists vanished.<br />
<br />
Salas said he was convinced that if the investigation had been allowed to continue, the vote fraud would have been revealed.<br />
<br />
Salas said he felt sorry for Stevenson: "He won that election, he sure did. But our machinery was too tough for him."<br />
<br />
Shortly before his death in 1975, Stevenson told a reporter: "I remember that for years the calculation that Box 13 deals only with 200 votes, but they actually stole 50,000 votes."<br />
<br />
...<br />
<br />
<br />
The 1948 chairman of the Texas Democratic Executive Committee was Robert W. Calvert, now a retired Texas Supreme Court justice. In a recent speech, he quoted former Texas Gov. Jimmy Allred as summing up the Box 13 dispute this way: "Well, Lyndon's backers thought Coke Stevenson had stolen the 1941 election in East Texas and they didn't see anything wrong with doing the same for their candidate in 1948."<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Notes:</span></b><br />
<br />
Wikipedia Talk Page--<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3AFrank_Hamer">Frank Hamer</a>,<br />
<br />
Nor is this the only reason I find Frank Hamer a despicable excuse for a human being. He was well known in Texas as a paid strike breaker, and vote stealer. These are not my opinions, see <i>Lyndon Johnson's Victory in the 1948 Texas Senate Race: A Reappraisal, by</i> Dale Baum and James L. Hailey. He was a paid thug, available for dirty jobs if the money was right.<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;">Without getting into a fruitless debate (too late), My great grandfather was acting with legal authorization to use any means required to stop Bonnie and Clyde, thus he was not guilty of murder. As you said, we are a country of laws, and he was acting as an agent of those laws. Second, he did not allow people to loot the bodies, it happened while he was not there. Third, show me one piece of evidence, besides someone else's opinion, that my grandfather was a hired thug, let alone a paid killer. Tecas elections at that time were notoriously crooked, and his involvement was on behalf of politicians he believed in or who were friends, not to the highest bidder. Naturally, the political opposition would have a seriously negative opinion of him. Show me proof that he was involved in any illegal activity involving an election. It doesn't even have to be published. And show me one shred of evidence that he was a paid killer. He killed over 50 people. He was tried for murder 5 times. He was cleared every time, because it was in the line of duty or self defense. Those are the facts. Anything to the contrary is insinuation or character assasination. That is plain and simple. </span><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:24.243.122.110&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #a55858; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px; text-decoration: none;" title="User:24.243.122.110 (page does not exist)">24.243.122.110</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 21px;"> 03:11, 9 June 2007 (UTC)Travis Hamer</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23873592.post-64955888932435359302017-03-31T14:41:00.002-04:002017-04-01T11:02:49.774-04:00October 25, 1948, New York Times, pages 1, 14, Dewey Far In Lead<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn50seMiLJMOE329hcOXz5k4oVrVrTjDPmhN1JDUiKqXX_kldVmahcYnMqo6gRlxfAzTRcTO3KnPS4fr7T0GzDJM0I3pJzAHBfRcIJAxVjVg_AmZySjfC4FShBkOno7jX-hGjPyg/s1600/Screenshot+2017-03-31+at+14.34.07.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn50seMiLJMOE329hcOXz5k4oVrVrTjDPmhN1JDUiKqXX_kldVmahcYnMqo6gRlxfAzTRcTO3KnPS4fr7T0GzDJM0I3pJzAHBfRcIJAxVjVg_AmZySjfC4FShBkOno7jX-hGjPyg/s1600/Screenshot+2017-03-31+at+14.34.07.png" /></a><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br />October 25, 1948, New York Times, pages 1, 14, <a href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F02EFDE123AE33BBC4D51DFB6678383659EDE">Dewey Far In Lead; A Tie In The Senate Strong Possibility; Big Electoral Plurality Likely, With House Control Kept by Reduced Majority; Upper-House Fight Close; Democrats Need Net Gain of 4 to Avoid a Tie, but Rise of Only 3 Is Seen; Dewey and Warren Viewed as Far Ahead in Race as Campaign Enters Its Last Eight Days</a>, by James A. Hagerty, [<a href="http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9F02EFDE123AE33BBC4D51DFB6678383659EDE">PDF</a>] [<a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?res=9F02EFDE123AE33BBC4D51DFB6678383659EDE">TimesMachine</a>]<br />With only eight days to go before the election on Nov. 2, Thomas E. Dewey and Earl Warren, Republican nominees for President and Vice President, respectively, appear certain to defeat President Harry S. Truman and Senator Alben W. Barkley, their Democratic opponents, by a large plurality in the Electoral College.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Texas State Report</span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfACiPJAIWwb7swk7od65CPbdeM9Bj4NfiDuGAtl8q0Ji8DV9XGxOxKYETk-XWNScLTnRWhRsmOkW76TmBNiAEb10iNNAsP7-ZT3XBLTfsoGsLgr4Y91S6YTMLOundq6rnIG9wXQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-03-31+at+14.31.09.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfACiPJAIWwb7swk7od65CPbdeM9Bj4NfiDuGAtl8q0Ji8DV9XGxOxKYETk-XWNScLTnRWhRsmOkW76TmBNiAEb10iNNAsP7-ZT3XBLTfsoGsLgr4Y91S6YTMLOundq6rnIG9wXQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-03-31+at+14.31.09.png" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYSVW8651PLuAjWpi_BW_NSvO1H63-71NCSTxC5yJHpf2YLCn7nt_T9O-PB8RuJqsvQ0XMlxDWcCnscUMwq5TlawrjJPX4d8AZpnnyDv7SrA4nCw7dQJbpTwag7WrwFOYe9WZA8g/s1600/Screenshot+2017-03-31+at+14.31.02.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYSVW8651PLuAjWpi_BW_NSvO1H63-71NCSTxC5yJHpf2YLCn7nt_T9O-PB8RuJqsvQ0XMlxDWcCnscUMwq5TlawrjJPX4d8AZpnnyDv7SrA4nCw7dQJbpTwag7WrwFOYe9WZA8g/s1600/Screenshot+2017-03-31+at+14.31.02.png" /></a><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /><br />How voters feel personally about "integrity of the ballot" may hold the answer in the Senate contest. A subcommittee of the United States Senate has begun an investigation of alleged fraud in the "run-off" primary contest between Mr. Johnson and former Gov. Coke Stevenson, in which Mr. Johnson won the Democratic Senatorial nomination by eighty-seven votes. There is reason to believe that Mr. Johnson's seat in the senate will be contested if he is elected.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23873592.post-65715165365630355862017-03-17T12:00:00.004-04:002017-03-17T12:00:46.593-04:00April 20, 1849, Washington D.C., Description and Specification, April 20, 1849, Washington D.C., <a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbpe.19902100/?sp=1">Description and Specification</a>, Of the manner of executing and finishing the work of the two Wing Buildings proposed to be attached to the Patent Office Building, agreeably to the original design, and which are further explained by Drawings made for that purpose. Robert Mills, Architect and Superintendent<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2tYu43Jj5yFhnIxenHEOWn8Y4gYAk2kZcQLzB0mgUT3982YDiMxiM6PAJ6KO8RuV5Spt5yMyeUGt8aLSMIUT_j9AYN7_x1pIClHRSU7z3K8W8BETq5Ls82t6vs-2IwK9Mn0wVIA/s1600/1+building+specs+1849.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2tYu43Jj5yFhnIxenHEOWn8Y4gYAk2kZcQLzB0mgUT3982YDiMxiM6PAJ6KO8RuV5Spt5yMyeUGt8aLSMIUT_j9AYN7_x1pIClHRSU7z3K8W8BETq5Ls82t6vs-2IwK9Mn0wVIA/s1600/1+building+specs+1849.png" /></a><br />
<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiud4pYZRPCm-PKxXuUx-HhZdKtWVpV027QfYwFOVh6xeznrL9DaSfCDPoXBPznVrBv2pnPKuZjZeSpsGwjlMW5KwLORnwsoAttYKM1WcHJ6Ko2lUmdtb90bZe7gIjvbvGE7h_QXg/s1600/-2-.png" /><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQU6R1qRtSOHjheTRAH-OYPndZCc6A83w7eHkCUzx6DRhRCmvzUTyNzpdfSOAycPYU9FjzSKudgTqP91u_jHQLNoE374zw58wODH9tyBJ-eV34_9YrkLqQcLaLdMZRLyhe49ZXAQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-03-16+at+22.15.05.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQU6R1qRtSOHjheTRAH-OYPndZCc6A83w7eHkCUzx6DRhRCmvzUTyNzpdfSOAycPYU9FjzSKudgTqP91u_jHQLNoE374zw58wODH9tyBJ-eV34_9YrkLqQcLaLdMZRLyhe49ZXAQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-03-16+at+22.15.05.png" /></a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbpe.19902100/?sp=4&st=text">Tariff of Prices</a>,<br />
<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz7xFKCc7uU7iXEhkMQYT0UgjSW3Yi0hTv6rivletprq5HbbWSE0d_gPMTGF3x884V7OARezfc51RE7859zTaCMjZwnDlGmLXmmfIr4xYOsoiflUZmLK09PwvzXRrTFwnKXVZFGg/s1600/4.png" /><br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbpe.19902100/?sp=1">DESCRIPTION AND SPECIFICATION</a>,<br />
<br />
Of the manner of executing and finishing the work of the two Wing Buildings proposed to be attached to the Patent Office Building, agreeably to the original design, and which are further explained by Drawings made for that purpose.<br />
<br />
GENERAL DESCRIPTION.<br />
<br />
Each wing building will extend from each end of the present building east and west, 70 feet, with an entire depth or length of 290 feet. The architectural order in the exterior of these buildings will be the same with that in the present building, which is the Greek Doric, composed of a series of antæ (pilasters), raised on a high basement, running the whole circuit of the exposed walls, and surmounted by their regular entablature, corresponding in its details with that of the celebrated Parthenon. For particulars, reference can be had to the facades of the present building. The whole height of the order, from the foot of the pilasters to the top of the cornice of the entablature, is 46 feet; the height of the base is 13 feet, the blocking over cornice 3 feet, making the total height 62 feet. The interior arrangement of these wings will be—on the east, the height into three stories above the basement, divided into large office rooms, spacious corridors, and stair-cases, all groin arched and made fire-proof in every part; the windows in each story are to correspond with those in the present building. The wing to the west, being for the special accommodation of the Patent Office, will, in the two stories above the basement, be disposed in one entire room, or divided into large halls, for the reception of models, &c., all groin arched, springing from pillars, and made fire-proof. In the upper story, a gallery will extend round the entire room, supported by columns, and the walls prepared for the reception of works of art, to be lighted from above. With both of these wings, on every floor, a communication will be opened with the present building, so as to constitute it one for the transaction of the business of the Department which shall occupy it. The basement story of the west wing, from the sudden fall of the ground or street here, will be about three feet higher in the pitch of the rooms, and the windows will be higher than those in the present building on this floor.<br />
<br />
The facing of the exterior walls of these wings will be white marble, and the roof covered with copper, as in the present building.<br />
<br />
EXCAVATIONS, AND MASONRY OF FOUNDATIONS.<br />
<br />
Dig out so much of the area of the wings as may be directed by the architect, to a depth which will be designated by him, and level off the same. Dig out for the footings and piers perfectly level at such depth as may be designated by the architect, not exceeding one foot, and before any masonry is laid, ram or pound the earth in the trenches very compact. Cart away all the earth, so excavated, not required to fill up irregularities within the square.<br />
<br />
Construct the footings of the external walls with large stone from the Potomac quarries, having level beds, not less than 9 inches thick, and from 3 to 5 feet long—the first course or footing of said walls to be 5 feet thick, the second course 4 feet thick, and the residue of the wall, to the height of the basement story, 3 feet thick, including the thickness of the cut stone facing. Great care must be taken to bond the stones composing these walls in the strongest manner, every layer being well bedded in cement mortar, composed of stone lime, compounded with coarse and sharp river sand, in proportions of four of the latter to one of the former, in an unslacked state, or in such proportion as the architect may direct, and after the mixing of the mortar, and before using, one-fourth of the hydraulic cement (1 barrel of cement to 4 of lime) to be thoroughly mixed with the mortar: care must be taken that no more cement is mixed with the mortar than can be used within an hour or two. The joints of the stone masonry must be flushed and well bedded in mortar, and settled down with large wooden mallets.<br />
<br />
The interior walls and piers for the arches within, must be built in the same careful manner, of the thickness and heights designated on plans. Where openings occur and piers intervene, the jambs of the same may be formed of blocks of hard free stone, and the arches of good red brick.<br />
<br />
For the disposition of these walls and piers, see the Drawings.<br />
<br />
BRICKLAYER.<br />
<br />
Construct all the walls, behind the cut-stone work above the basement, of brick, laid and well settled down in cement mortar, compounded on stone lime, and sharp river sand, with a portion of hydraulic cement as may be directed by the architect—the latter to be mixed in as the mortar is required, as noticed under the head of masonry. The thickness of these walls not to exceed, with<br />
<br />
<div>
TARIFF OF PRICES<br />
Of the different kinds of work proposed in erecting the Wings of the Patent Office Building; to determine the value of the same by measurement of the work when finished and in its place.TARIFF OF THE PRICES, For the Cut Stone work, measured in the wall, marble included. </div>
<div>
P. S. Reference to be had to the same kind of work in the present building.</div>
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbpe.19902100/?sp=1">Image 1 of Description and specification of the manner of executing and finishing the work of the two wing buildings proposed to be attached to the Patent-Office building, agreeable to the original design, and which are further explained by drawings made f</a>, Description and specification of the manner of executing and finishing the work of the two Wing Buildings proposed to be attached to the Patent Office Building, agreeably to the original design, and which are further explained by Drawings made for that purpose. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Each wing building will extend from each end of the present building east and west, 70 feet, with an entire depth or length of 290 feet.<br />
Contributor: Mills, Robert Date: 1849<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbpe.19902100/?sp=2">Image 2 of Description and specification of the manner of executing and finishing the work of the two wing buildings proposed to be attached to the Patent-Office building, agreeable to the original ...</a>2 the cut-stone work, 2 feet. Construct all the partition walls 2 brick in thickness, with 1½ brick piers, in angles, to all the large rooms from which the groin arches will spring. Construct 9 inch groin and other arches, in all the rooms and passages, from the basement to the roof, according to drawings, with the best quality red brick, laid in the ...<br />
Contributor: Mills, Robert<br />
Date: 1849<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbpe.19902100/?sp=3" style="color: rgb(0, 68, 204) !important;">Image 3 of Description and specification of the manner of executing and finishing the work of the two wing buildings proposed to be attached to the Patent-Office building, agreeable to the original ...</a>3 the framing of these roofs suitable openings for sky lights, in such positions as the architect may direct. Construct also lantern lights around and over the same as may be directed by the architect. Construct over the arches of all the rooms a flooring of ⅝ yellow-pine plank, laid on heart-pine sleepers, resting on the arches, &c., free from knots and shakes, the ...<br />
Contributor: Mills, Robert<br />
Date: 1849<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbpe.19902100/?sp=4&st=text" style="color: rgb(0, 68, 204) !important;">Image 4 of Description and specification of the manner of executing and finishing the work of the two wing buildings</a> proposed to be attached to the Patent-Office building, agreeable to the original design, and which are further explained by drawings made f<br />
<br /><br /><b>About this Item</b><br /><b>Title</b> Description and specification of the manner of executing and finishing the work of the two wing buildings proposed to be attached to the Patent-Office building, agreeable to the original design, and which are further explained by drawings made f<div>
<b>Contributor Names</b> Mills, Robert<br /><b>Created / Published</b> Washington, 1849. <br /><b>Subject Headings </b>- United States--District of Columbia--Washington<br /><b>Genre</b> Leaflets--District of Columbia--Washington<br /><b>Notes</b> - U. S.- Patent office.- <br /><b>Page Order: </b>Leaflet- Available also through the Library of Congress web site in two forms: as facsimile page images and as full text in SGML.- 2 duplicate copies- Printed Ephemera Collection; Portfolio 199, Folder 21.- Copy scanned: 1 Medium 4 p.; 23.5 x 20 cm.Call <b>Number/Physical Location</b> Portfolio 199, Folder 21<br /><b>Source Collection </b>Broadsides, leaflets, and pamphlets from America and Europe<br /><b>Digital Id</b> <a href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/rbpe.19902100">http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/rbpe.19902100</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>
StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23873592.post-56249416961401318002017-03-06T05:35:00.003-05:002017-03-06T16:15:49.730-05:00September 25, 1877, The Daily Chicago Tribune, page 5, Scorched and Soaked; The National Capital a Scene of Great Excitement Yesterday, A Fire Discovered In the Roof of the Patent-Office Building<br />
September 25, 1877, The Daily Chicago Tribune, page 5, <a href="http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1877/09/25/page/1/article/crushed">Scorched and Soaked; The National Capital a Scene of Great Excitement Yesterday, A Fire Discovered In the Roof of the Patent-Office Building; It Increases In Magnitude Until the Top Story Is Enveloped; Making Serious Havoc Among the Models deposited There; Several Thousand Of Which Are Licked Up By the Flames; The Other Floors of the Edifice Badly Drenched By Water; Land-Office Documents Suffer Simeon From the Latter Element; In Washington, The Patent-Office Burned,</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
....and before those who lived within a square or two could reach the place the tongues of fire were breaking the glass in the windows of the two upper stories, and the flames were bursting from the roof.<br />
<br />
The roof of the west wing fell in before the Fire Department was fairly at work. The windows were long gone before, and inside of this fiery furnace could be seen the models, cases of records, and tons of paper struggling with the flames.<br />
<br />
Before these precautions were taken it is said that there were a few people mean enough to steal some valuable papers.<br />
<br />
The act of that year appropriated $108,000 to begin the building, which, in the language of the act, was to be fire-proof<br />
<br />
The long recess has enabled the Department to get its routine work well in hand, and the absence of Congress for three weeks to come will make it possible to recover from most of the derangement of the fire before the rush arr ending the assembling of Congress begins.<br />
<br />
In addition to the models mentioned as destroyed, the following classes of models are lost: All agriculture implements, metal-working and wood-working; all models in every department of mechanics; all engines and mills; all carriages and wagons; all hydro license and pneumatic, and many other minority classes. Among them was The Original COTTON COTTON-GIN INVENTION, which has made the cordon product of the South valuable as an industry. The models of sewing machines and lamps were much damaged by water, and the very valuable model of the original Howe sewing-machine was saved just as it was being carried off by some parties who entered to steal it as a relic.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHrM1fRruXcTqU9qxRkYj-jieFhIu2GyoBl-cQEc78B0GZxmOqFYV6VItYjmeVIzAb5cgzhBfZLuN2xD82W5Qm0-CIsDoaoOzIGva1oo2HXr6drNLE3Gxq4dQjiSmy-5jXzOovbQ/s1600/Sept.+25%252C+1877%252C+Chicago+Tribune%252C+page+4+.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHrM1fRruXcTqU9qxRkYj-jieFhIu2GyoBl-cQEc78B0GZxmOqFYV6VItYjmeVIzAb5cgzhBfZLuN2xD82W5Qm0-CIsDoaoOzIGva1oo2HXr6drNLE3Gxq4dQjiSmy-5jXzOovbQ/s1600/Sept.+25%252C+1877%252C+Chicago+Tribune%252C+page+4+.png" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiLLLJnQEUGeSEAmPVx62I61a5ivvH5rQNvyKfDA2vkHGvE0SBMBHHAYvncdbmi5ZFwl0-sXQkHZinlscw-XMBtouKzVpFTQpXgecg2LZWjA1-HYMaQM6SZlgc5kE5KtYozblPZw/s1600/2Sept.+25%252C+1877%252C+Chicago+Tribune%252C+page+4+.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiLLLJnQEUGeSEAmPVx62I61a5ivvH5rQNvyKfDA2vkHGvE0SBMBHHAYvncdbmi5ZFwl0-sXQkHZinlscw-XMBtouKzVpFTQpXgecg2LZWjA1-HYMaQM6SZlgc5kE5KtYozblPZw/s1600/2Sept.+25%252C+1877%252C+Chicago+Tribune%252C+page+4+.png" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr6JIzvbudif_Sbx5G1JGhE_1Qu9-5HM_EiCor7nLSjxF4ZqBEnU6eh_p8v6fXj9nVXw5vSyz88iYh0qYrGb6nmJ4Euqeu_UEnOaD3DgailfCYkc0eogu84g_2QVvUHuQj742xvA/s1600/3+Sept.+25%252C+1877%252C+Chicago+Tribune.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr6JIzvbudif_Sbx5G1JGhE_1Qu9-5HM_EiCor7nLSjxF4ZqBEnU6eh_p8v6fXj9nVXw5vSyz88iYh0qYrGb6nmJ4Euqeu_UEnOaD3DgailfCYkc0eogu84g_2QVvUHuQj742xvA/s1600/3+Sept.+25%252C+1877%252C+Chicago+Tribune.png" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9HoPHDOTctg46yv7q5bp1B_6Hy04K7GwCl8MhhlHCPcxTCDcqNmB-BXJI8U7fQQmlYHq2kE0_OsytbhFRYWZP23I0l_RflOwmS0XOSX-iAyv_JUtUzrxVepeE0jBPyvZkltxTiQ/s1600/4Sept.+25%252C+1877%252C+Chicago+Tribune.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9HoPHDOTctg46yv7q5bp1B_6Hy04K7GwCl8MhhlHCPcxTCDcqNmB-BXJI8U7fQQmlYHq2kE0_OsytbhFRYWZP23I0l_RflOwmS0XOSX-iAyv_JUtUzrxVepeE0jBPyvZkltxTiQ/s1600/4Sept.+25%252C+1877%252C+Chicago+Tribune.png" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGuOrDuC8d0nsDFUsZQZ7GJhuN24gPzNhbnGvx5UBWA3Rtj4KhEq5L3IdJ3Sd3yHimC4RUmQinRm0Gv0yXFqMZS1sZu3mPdHDvwojYWdJ0EgG1mEGhFabp2mOUptNe8569RARfZQ/s1600/5Sept.+25%252C+1877%252C+Chicago+Tribune.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGuOrDuC8d0nsDFUsZQZ7GJhuN24gPzNhbnGvx5UBWA3Rtj4KhEq5L3IdJ3Sd3yHimC4RUmQinRm0Gv0yXFqMZS1sZu3mPdHDvwojYWdJ0EgG1mEGhFabp2mOUptNe8569RARfZQ/s1600/5Sept.+25%252C+1877%252C+Chicago+Tribune.png" /></a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHluIaBYTVEKPnHVI3QcTCpeqrIwDgustb5irDVBZqU82JPGeAwVBbi1JALljPp1mqcU7UUH7Tk12cVhLpMC6nnR29r5h13n4OySo1OhUYjEToN3243k3zHmGtuKmBhe1D2WZ55A/s1600/6Sept.+25%252C+1877%252C+Chicago+Tribune.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHluIaBYTVEKPnHVI3QcTCpeqrIwDgustb5irDVBZqU82JPGeAwVBbi1JALljPp1mqcU7UUH7Tk12cVhLpMC6nnR29r5h13n4OySo1OhUYjEToN3243k3zHmGtuKmBhe1D2WZ55A/s1600/6Sept.+25%252C+1877%252C+Chicago+Tribune.png" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjLMJsEloIXxxioOvtoALfo2AaoLzT7TIJYgahbttS7gjopwR5_iVML1Vr2tC1xjiIvzLQuKK_jDvBb1pRRhxXiV2kfFfUq4hTDVvlhkagjbWV8XrTEFZ6PaHhUn5Xg9v7WtPIAw/s1600/7Sept.+25%252C+1877%252C+Chicago+Tribune.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjLMJsEloIXxxioOvtoALfo2AaoLzT7TIJYgahbttS7gjopwR5_iVML1Vr2tC1xjiIvzLQuKK_jDvBb1pRRhxXiV2kfFfUq4hTDVvlhkagjbWV8XrTEFZ6PaHhUn5Xg9v7WtPIAw/s1600/7Sept.+25%252C+1877%252C+Chicago+Tribune.png" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt9CY1NaimoDZ5mUHCxaCFHRZSFQa783_t58X6HQy182AbsaBCHvsBsgDPvanc9u93HZehPiR85vAIZPv-Bqmy0koKPAYGZBFShEkXP0AvtqNYhhiHTxAfkqENyebWuOqSyjJIXg/s1600/8Sept.+25%252C+1877%252C+Chicago+Tribune.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt9CY1NaimoDZ5mUHCxaCFHRZSFQa783_t58X6HQy182AbsaBCHvsBsgDPvanc9u93HZehPiR85vAIZPv-Bqmy0koKPAYGZBFShEkXP0AvtqNYhhiHTxAfkqENyebWuOqSyjJIXg/s1600/8Sept.+25%252C+1877%252C+Chicago+Tribune.png" /></a><br />
<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzpLfJr3n7o4_mXSYxtdSLaCgAbOzwzJP4hFSXX6ND_ZKIDmoFCTCrDwbz-XHmueMO12n-rWvaGIvUj6_CBNytAIfFWKwxojNkpIH8NE-GWSaqlC25G-TB8TGgqW_W0ybp0FW2Hw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-03-06+at+05.22.50.png" /><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2nmdjNepP_3Vf-FB8ujR34nwbDGGxTnk38pFXx4Rqinsk8E0iY5kwpCq4OKmAJXA0JGRHnfN_GSx6kJtbV5nBc00pS-Giq9iFAfrlamOjabD8L-0hG5-v1PuEgKstfJ2nkNQ-KQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-03-06+at+05.27.04.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2nmdjNepP_3Vf-FB8ujR34nwbDGGxTnk38pFXx4Rqinsk8E0iY5kwpCq4OKmAJXA0JGRHnfN_GSx6kJtbV5nBc00pS-Giq9iFAfrlamOjabD8L-0hG5-v1PuEgKstfJ2nkNQ-KQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-03-06+at+05.27.04.png" /></a><br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfG7O-qSXUZ8IWFd1NruvY2jju0B19hZJN2LALvpRCOdkp6oBvFEI0R42C0cmj_3KOmYXDm4rCP0d_BVp4RxachlXU8ez-16O-yK_UdgdlC6cTLUtdResyLTefMIRugE0OaE8doQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-03-06+at+05.28.49.png" /><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUUPSJlKTdZQUzRQE6UainGtmS4-lVt0c7sC5bhWjWfX43JNQslR3suFKKvTP9g_Cr_toCbUYS8w8AY5FsOuHix3IWACvsCqZ8w9Xer9MvLSeKesadsqj1jFJxMMFeG76MfFPGxg/s1600/10Sept.+25%252C+1877.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUUPSJlKTdZQUzRQE6UainGtmS4-lVt0c7sC5bhWjWfX43JNQslR3suFKKvTP9g_Cr_toCbUYS8w8AY5FsOuHix3IWACvsCqZ8w9Xer9MvLSeKesadsqj1jFJxMMFeG76MfFPGxg/s1600/10Sept.+25%252C+1877.png" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrcMqRpGhoU4aFlnZv-DdnQ7BpUDpRT0vW8h2Occ4UZ07WSCOnJvYaED37eP_wTO392J3kMSahu5YVAOILovm8mUgquDEmiPKGToDYqG9xxPsx6c3WBNm8qyAs0mUa7DDIeJQ8tQ/s1600/11Sept.+25%252C+1877.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrcMqRpGhoU4aFlnZv-DdnQ7BpUDpRT0vW8h2Occ4UZ07WSCOnJvYaED37eP_wTO392J3kMSahu5YVAOILovm8mUgquDEmiPKGToDYqG9xxPsx6c3WBNm8qyAs0mUa7DDIeJQ8tQ/s1600/11Sept.+25%252C+1877.png" /></a>StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23873592.post-34381049727223937352017-03-05T19:14:00.001-05:002017-03-05T19:14:08.151-05:00February 1958, American Heritage Magazine, Vol. 9, No. 2, Unwanted Treasures of the Patent Office, by Donald W. Hogan, <br />
February 1958, American Heritage Magazine, Vol. 9, No. 2, <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060507092546/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1958/2/1958_2_16.shtml">Unwanted Treasures of the Patent Office; Thousands of products of Yankee genius, in miniature models, have survived a British invasion, three jires, and a sale at Gimbels</a>, by Donald W. Hogan, <a href="https://archive.is/aDJy6">Archived</a>,<br />
<br />
While the British were busily engaged in putting the torch to Washington on the evening of August 24, 1814, Dr. William Thornton, superintendent of the Patent Office, stood aghast by a window in Georgetown watching the Capitol, of which he was the chief designer, go up in flames. But the next morning, when he learned that the Patent Office too was threatened with fire, he mounted a horse and dashed back into the city, one of the first Americans to return.<br />
<br />
Quickly he approached a Colonel Jones, who had been assigned to burn that part of the city, and begged that Blodgett’s Hotel, which a few years before had become the Patent Office and museum for its models, be spared from the flames. According to his own report, he stood amid the smoldering ruins of the city and successfully overwhelmed the Britisher by charging that the destruction of “the building … which contained … hundreds of models of the arts … would be as barbarous as formerly to burn the Alexandrian Library for which the Turks have since been condemned by all enlightened nations.” Blodgett’s Hotel was the only government building spared in the razing of Washington.<br />
<br />
This seems to have been the high point of the federal government’s concern for its collection of patent models, which since that time has been decimated by three other fires, two federal economy waves, three auctions, a bankruptcy, and a sale at Gimbels.<br />
<br />
Seven weeks before the last of the thirteen original states ratified the Constitution, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of War Henry Knox, and Attorney General Edmund Randolph became the Patent Commission. When they opened for business on April 10, 1790, they immediately established the requirement that a working model of each invention, clone in miniature, be submitted as part of the application.<br />
<br />
This requirement was kept in force until 1870, when a change in the law was made necessary by quarters so bulging with models that there was no room for examiners, and the submission of a model was made discretionary with the commissioner of patents. By 1880 the requirement was dropped altogether with the wry exception of flying machines—for which the requirement was also dropped after 1903 and Kitty Hawk. (But the Patent Office still demands physical proof of the pudding before it will issue a patent lor a perpetual motion machine.)<br />
<br />
From the very start the models—the idea for which sounds like a Jeffersonian notion—became a tail that wagged the dog. Their number and bulk dictated the division’s move in 1810 from an office in the Department of State to Blodgett’s Hotel. Congress had appropriated $10,000 to purchase the hotel and $3,000 to renovate it, insisting that the two larger of four rooms assigned to the Patent Office be devoted to displaying the models. The rest of the building, except for two smaller rooms, was given over to the General Post Office.<br />
<br />
Congress would brook no untidiness in the exhibition. A committee reported within three months of the appropriation that “although many models have already been deposited in their new quarters, the manner in which they are placed tends to confusion and to sink the establishment into contempt. It is hoped that habit will not operate to make this perpetual.”<br />
<br />
The chiding was effective, and Blodgett’s Hotel, which had originally housed the United States Theater, the first in Washington, regained and even surpassed its earlier fame as a point of interest for travelers to the capital. Foreign visitors were shown the models as a proud demonstration of American inventiveness, and on Sundays it became a local custom to stroll through the rooms and see what was new.<br />
<br />
But, even though the models were the focal point of interest in the Patent Office, no record of their kind or number appears to have been made until January 21, 1823, when, for no apparent reason, a clerk at least attempted a listing.<br />
<br />
His catalogue showed a nation still more concerned with agriculture and building pursuits than with industrial development. It listed 95 nail cutters, 66 pumps, and 65 plows as against 45 looms, 28 spinning machines, and 3 boring machines. Of “propelling boats” there were 38; of carding machines, 8; of threshing machines, 20; and of winnowing machines, 25. There were 13 bridges, 26 sawmills, 17 water mills, 7 windmills, 14 steam mills, 26 water wheels, 56 presses, 3 stocking looms, 10 fire engines, 1 machine for making barrels. 6 flax-dressing machines, 6 file-cutting machines, 16 cloth-shearing machines, 10 straw cutters, 12 locks, and 2 guns. The specific listings came to 635 and evidently so exhausted the cataloguer that he lumped the remaining 1,184 models as for “various other purposes” and gave a total of 1,819 models in all.<br />
<br />
This was the only listing of the models ever made—with the exception of one which was paid for in 1908 but which, when it was sorely needed in 1925, could not be found.<br />
<br />
After 1823 the number of patent models at Blodgett’s Hotel increased until by 1836 there were about 7,000 of them, lodged against more than 10,000 patents issued. A committee of Congress reporting on the need for a new building declared that “a great number of them, supposed to be 500, from want of room, have been stowed away in a dark garret.” (It was an ominous precedent.) In July, 1836, a law was passed allowing for construction of the new building. Ground had hardly been broken, six months later, when at three o’clock on the morning of December 15 fire was discovered in the Post Office section of Blodgett’s Hotel. Within a matter of hours the building was burned to the ground, and with it went every record and every model owned by the Patent Office.<br />
<br />
Describing the calamity, a Senate investigating committee spoke ruefully of “a pride which must now stand rebuked by the improvidence which exposed so many memorials and evidences of the superiority of American genius to the destruction which has overtaken them.” And Congress, perhaps impressed by this rhetoric, promptly appropriated $100,000 for restoration of “3,000 of the most important [models] … which will form a very interesting and valuable collection.”<br />
<br />
At first Patent Commissioner Henry L. Ellsworth worked diligently both at having the burned models restored or rebuilt and at outfitting the showrooms of the new Patent Office. Shortly, however, he complained to the secretary of state, under whose department his office came, that many inventors had failed to co-operate and that it was impossible to remake the models without their help. This was particularly true of such inventions as the plow with cannon for handles to fight oft sudden Indian attack—of which the burnt model was the only one ever made.<br />
<br />
But if Ellsworth was thwarted by the apathy of inventors when it came to restoring models, he was overcome by their enthusiasm for submitting new ones. The new Patent Office building at Seventh to Ninth between F and G was only partially completed by 1844, but already the Commissioner was forced to complain that unless the job were hurried the collection of models would force the working stalf out onto the street. “The increase of models renders daily the transaction of business more difficult,” Ellsworth wrote in his annual report. (In fact, he was so discouraged by the influx of new models that he managed to spend only $25,588.91 of the $100,000 appropriated for restoration of the old ones.)<br />
<br />
By 1856, however, three wings of the new building were completed. Its great halls, the east and west wings, were fitted out as showrooms, and the building again became a tourist attraction, a display of national ingenuity.<br />
<br />
Then came the Civil War. Invention was fantastically stimulated. Models, which had been coming in by the hundreds every year, now arrived by the thousands. Several of them came each day to each of the twenty examiners and were thrown on shelves until papers were completed and issued. Then, just as quickly, the models were tagged with basic information and carted to the galleries, unclassified, where higgledy-piggledy they were tossed’ into a case or onto another shelf. An army shoe would land next to a drill; a corset beside a sword.<br />
<br />
By 1876, William H. Doolittle, acting commissioner of patents, reported that the building was so clogged with models that the public had been barred from seeing them for lack of room.<br />
<br />
He estimated that 175,000 models had been crowded into the galleries and that they were increasing by 10,000 to 14,000 a year. “Immediate relief,” he said, “is necessary.” Even though a law of 1870 had made the submission of models discretionary, it appeared the Commissioner had not wanted to take upon himself the responsibility for rejecting them. But neither could he function in their midst.<br />
<br />
Temporary relief came on September 24, 1877, when fire again broke out in the Patent Office. Although the blaze was confined to the west and north wings, and neither of them was destroyed, 160 cases of models, estimated to contain 76,000 in all, were ruined.<br />
<br />
Some of these were replaced through a $45,000 appropriation, and still new ones poured in. Finally the law had to be changed again, this time to prohibit the sending of a model unless demanded by the Patent Commissioner.<br />
<br />
But still no record was made of how many models had been restored or even how many were in the Patent Office, and estimates varied by as many as 25,000, depending on whether the guesser was a patent examiner tripping over them while trying to do a day’s work or a congressman looking to save the price of renting some place to put them. It is known, however, that 246,094 patents had been issued by 1880 and that perhaps 200,000 of them were represented by models. Added to these were thousands of models which had accompanied applications that were never completed.<br />
<br />
By 1893 the Patent Office estimate appears to have won out, for that year Congress allowed the renting of the Union Building at G Street between Sixth and Seventh streets, N.W. No attempt was made to arrange the models for display in the Union Building. They were simply stored in fantastic disarray throughout the building, even though Congress was under the impression it was paying for an exhibition hall.<br />
<br />
This folly was not discovered until 1907, when the owners of the Union Building attempted to raise the rent and thus precipitated a congressional investigation. The annual number of visitors, it came out, was none. In retaliation, without thought as to why there were no visitors, Congress in 1908 decided to sell all the models, first giving the Smithsonian Institution six months to pick out those it wanted. The Smithsonian managed to find only 1,061 worth keeping. At a public auction, 3,000 models of inventions that had failed to receive patents were sold for $62.18.<br />
<br />
During the next two decades those remaining unsold, amounting to 155,939, were carted about repeatedly—back to the Patent Office, to a leaky basement under the House of Representatives, to the basement of the District of Columbia’s Male Work House, and at last to an abandoned livery stable. Finally, in a congressional economy wave in 1925, it was found that more than $200,000 had been spent for storage and moving since 1884; rather than squander any more money on museums, Congress again elected to sell. An act was passed on February 13, 1925, appropriating $10,000 for the sale and creating a three-member commission to again select important models for the Smithsonian and other recognized museums.<br />
<br />
By late November, the Smithsonian had selected about 2,500, and 2,600 more were taken either by other museums or by inventors. Another 50,000, which had been unpacked, so crammed the floor space that an immediate auction was ordered, and on December 3, 1925, they went for $1,550. Thomas E. Robertson, patent commissioner, reported to Congress that “this was thought to be a good figure.”<br />
<br />
The buyer of the 50,000 models was never officially identified; the General Supply Committee kept scanty records. Circumstances, however, point to Sir Henry Wellcome, who in 1926 came back to acquire the remaining 125,000, cases and all, unopened, without even the formality of a public auction. He paid $6,540.<br />
<br />
Sir Henry began life in Wisconsin in frontier days—his earliest memories were of holding the basin while his doctor-uncle dressed the wounds of pioneers who had been battling Indians—but he had become a British subject during World War I. He founded Burroughs, Wellcome & Co., a large and successful drug house, and was knighted by George V for his services to medicine and pharmaceutics. Given to offbeat causes (he once endowed a trust to provide translations of textbooks for Chinese medical students), Sir Henry decided to start a patent-model museum and to store his new acquisitions at the Burroughs, Wellcome plant in Tuckahoe, New York, until he could get around to building it.<br />
<br />
When Sir Henry died ten years later, at the age of 82, the models were still there, packed in their original cases, unopened. The trustees of his estate, after lengthy consideration of what to do with them, finally decided to sell. It took them two years, but they got their price—$50,000.<br />
<br />
Their customer was Crosby Gaige, Broadway producer and gourmet, whose collections to date had been limited to books on eating and cooking and to laboratory equipment for making his own tooth paste.<br />
<br />
Gaige brought the models to Rockefeller Center with the kind of fanfare usually reserved for the circus. Without delay he cracked open the first few cases. Then, on August 8, 1938, he managed to entice several representatives of the press into being present while an expert locksmith twirled the dial of a model crystallized-iron safe.<br />
<br />
The tumblers clicked; the door swung open. Inside was a paper. The writing was faint, but the signature was legible—A. Lincoln. The paper was a petition for a patent on a flatboat with air chambers for floating it over shoals, invented by Lincoln in 1849. Flash bulbs popped and the models were page one news.<br />
<br />
Within a few more days, Gaige plucked from the cases the original model of the Gatling gun, the first dentist’s chair, and the first egg beater (Timothy Earle, 1866). He also had a long list of bedazzled customers, and by early October, 1938, he and his silent partner, Douglas G. Hertz (fight manager, movie actor, mule trader, survivor of the Lusitania, and former owner of the New York Yankees football team), had retired with a neat profit from speculation in Americana by selling out to a group of businessmen for $75,000. The Lincoln paper, its purpose served, disappeared as mysteriously as it had arrived.<br />
<br />
The new owners also had money-making ideas but lacked Gaige’s theatrical imagination. They incorporated under the name of American Patent Models and unpacked 25,000 models, a tiny part of the collection, amid mutterings to the press that it was an outrage the government had ever sold them. The vast remainder, about 2,600 full cases, was shipped to the Neptune Storage Warehouse in New Rochelle, New York. Some 500 of the unpacked models were then fitted into special crates and sent out in three separate caravans across the country, to be displayed in department stores and other showrooms for a fee. The rest were kept at Rockefeller Center.<br />
<br />
Between 1939 and 1941 the models, uncatalogued, unclassified, and on public display, proved to be no more of an attraction than they had been years before. Neptune Storage filed a lien of $7,954 for warehousing the unopened crates. Rockefeller Center wanted its rent. American Patent Models, in a desperate effort to raise money, reduced prices on all models to $1 each and for quick cash sold a collection of Civil War ordnance to an unnamed buyer. An unlisted number of other models went in the same manner. Then came bankruptcy. In 1942 a court ordered the company dissolved and the models auctioned for whatever they would fetch over and above Neptune’s bill (which had grown to $10,814) and another $800 to warehouses in Minneapolis, Salt Lake City, and Oakland, California, where the traveling exhibits were stranded.<br />
<br />
At this point O. Runclle Gilbert, an auctioneer, learned of the models. Gilbert brought in several partners and shortly, in exchange for $2,100 plus the storage charges, they were the owners of about 200,000 patent models. Seventy-five huge trailer truckloads later, the models were in Gilbert’s barns at Garrison, New York, but their adventures were far from finished. Gilbert’s partners, eager for profit, insisted on a new auction, and when more than 3,000 persons came to see a display of 2,000 models which opened at the Architectural League in New York City on April 14, 1943, they were confident of success. But despite great spectator interest only three actual bidders showed up on the day of the sale. Among them they bought 400 models. Back to Garrison went the remaining 1,600; the round trip, display, and other costs had exceeded the gross by $3,000.<br />
<br />
Gilbert then began systematic unpacking. Soon, with the help of his wife and three hired hands, Gilbert was delving into boxes which presumably had not been opened since 1908 and which the Smithsonian Commission of 1925 had not had a chance to examine.<br />
<br />
Slowly, as the models were unpacked, identified, and classified—for the Gilberts believed they would sell best in groups describing the complete development of a particular item—they were moved into a stucco house on the estate, where they filled fourteen rooms. The rest of the house was rented to a young couple and their children.<br />
<br />
Identification was easy in the case of models which bore labels; some of them were stamped with dates prior to 1836 and evidently were among those reconstructed after the fire of that year. But many of the models were without any identification at all and these were set aside for further research.<br />
<br />
One group of models, including farm equipment and an early baseball mask, was sold to the Farmer’s Museum and the Baseball Museum at Cooperstown, New York. By Spring, 1945, several other groups, including one which traced the entire history of the sewing machine, were also ready for sale. There were perhaps 20,000 models in the stucco house at Garrison—close to 3,000 of them various forms of bolts and nuts—when fire broke out. The young couple and their children were saved, but nothing else.<br />
<br />
Stunned, the Gilberts decided to leave the remaining 2,000 unopened cases in the barns until they felt better. Then, some four years later, the idea of a museum of their own began to intrigue them. As a start they purchased a vast barn in Center Sandwich, New Hampshire, and moved in about 1,000 models chosen at random. They started charging 25 cents, 50 cents, then $1, and found that, no matter what the price, Center Sandwich was good for 75 visitors a day. They also found that sometimes people who stopped could help them decide what some of the objects were. One man told them they had the model of the first rotary press; another found the first Mergenthaler typesetting machine, which he promptly took apart but never returned to put back together again.<br />
<br />
Others guessed that some of the models, with their fine tooling and hand workmanship, must have cost more than $1,000 to make. When word of this reached Gilbert’s partners in 1950, the pressure was on again for another sale.<br />
<br />
This time the idea was to invade Gimbels, a proposition which the department store welcomed with open arms. “Gimbels is nuts over patent models. You’ll be nuts over them too,” cried their advertisements.<br />
<br />
Hastily, without time for classification, the Gilberts ripped open 200 or 300 more cases in the Garrison barns and shipped the contents to Gimbels in New York and Philadelphia. Among them were the “Bretzel bending machine” invented by a Mr. Bretzel, who formed his crackers in the shape of a B (the public quickly decided a pretzel was easier to pronounce), and such novelties as a hen house which, when the chicken went out for scratching, dropped down a sign saying, “I am out. You may have my egg.” There were also an 1825 plug of navy chewing tobacco and an 1869 parlor bathtub. In one lot was some powdered milk patented in 1863; Mr. Gilbert added water, tasted it, and pronounced it “sweet as ever.” The prices ran from $1 to $1,000, the latter tag attached to the Gatling gun.<br />
<br />
Again there were thousands of spectators but few buyers, with the exception of Gilbert, who took advantage of his partners’ disappointment to buy them out at cost. He shipped the 5,000 or so models which had been stranded at the two Gimbels stores (about 600 had been sold) to his museum at Center Sandwich, where they remained until 1952, when he purchased as a new museum an abandoned hospital at Plymouth, New Hampshire, and moved the entire display there. But in his barns at Garrison, still unopened, unseen since 1908, there are cases which contain anywhere from 100,000 to 120,000 more models.<br />
<br />
Gilbert calculates that with the new museum he has put well over $85,000 into the models since acquiring them fifteen years ago, and he does not intend to invest any more. Those that are still packed will stay that way until he sees a good reason to open them. Sometimes he wishes the government would buy the collection back and put it someplace—Ellis Island, for instance. In the meantime he operates the Plymouth museum every summer. And when he and Mrs. Gilbert are at their home in Garrison, they occasionally go over to the barns and look at those rows on rows of boxes.<br />
<br />
<i>Donald W. Hogan is assistant city editor of the New York Herald Tribune. A free-lance writer whose major interest is American history, he has contributed articles to several national magazines.</i>StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23873592.post-59487069398260787102017-03-05T13:38:00.003-05:002017-03-05T18:00:25.188-05:00Oft-Encountered Inquiries Into a Hidden History Behind the Development of the SteamboatMy God! Can Eli Whitney be far behind?<br /><br /><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> n.d. [1st web capture July 12, 2012] The Rumseian Society, <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20120724142326/http://jamesrumsey.org/faq/">Oft-encountered Inquiries</a>,<br /><br /><i> Devoted to the History and Inventions of James Rumsey</i><br /><br /> The steamboat is so pretty, why don’t you run it? And while you’re at it , take me for a ride?<br /><br /> Most people who went for a ride with us spent a lot of time waiting for us to go…<br /><br /> Bill Hunley gave us a great design for the hull, and it really does look like it should be on the water, chugging around. But even launching the boat is a major undertaking, and the engine is too unreliable, too under-powered, and too exhausting to run for fun. Since we couldn’t change it into something else, after 20 years we had to stop. We were tired!<br /><br /> We are trying to come up with a Rumsey steamboat that’s more fun, using his rotary engine design. He never built it, so we have more flexibility with the details of this project.<br /><br /><i> Why do we hear about Robert Fulton, but not James Rumsey?</i><br /><br /> Fulton was successful with his steamboat, Rumsey was not. It wasn’t just because Fulton’s boat was better; with a bit of development Rumsey’s would have worked well enough, and his was not the only one. There were at least eight steamboats proposed before Fulton’s 1807 debut. Some were built, a couple worked quite well , and none were a financial success. Fulton could indeed import a state-of-the-art Boulton & Watt engine from England for his boat, which saved him much time and trouble. But his most significant advantages over the previous inventors were not technological; he was well-connected politically and socially, had a good amount of his own money and had the strong financial backing of the richest man in New York, Robert Livingston. He also knew that a steamboat didn’t just have to fill a need; it needed to have a good market, and he chose to set up operations on the Hudson, a very good river on which to run a passenger boat, where sheer banks and hilly terrain hindered competition from coaches.<br /><br /> Think of Fulton as being a little like Henry Ford; Ford really brought the automobile into the world as a standard form of transportation, Fulton did the same for the steamboat.<br /><br /><i> Did Fulton ever meet Rumsey?</i><br /><br /> They were both in England around the same time and were both friends of Benjamin West, so they likely knew of each other. Fulton was indeed quick to take other people’s ideas when it suited him, and before building his own, he doubtless researched Rumsey’ s as well as John Fitch’s and William Symington’s boats, perhaps also Jouffroy d’Abbans’ in France. But there’s no evidence that Fulton worked for Rumsey. Fulton’s steamboat, once built, had really none of Rumsey’s steamboat in it, either. With Symington, though, it’s another matter. Symington’s 1788 steamboat had both a paddlewheel and a modern steam engine, and ran quite successfully, and was well-known ( even Rumsey commented on it – negatively- he thought jet propulsion was better). Fulton’s boat also had a modern steam engine and a paddlewheel, like Symington’s, and even Matthew Boulton noted that the engine Fulton had ordered from his company was identical to Symington’s in the important dimensions.<br /><br /> Still, by the 1830’s, the legend in Shepherdstown was that Fulton had gotten his ideas from Rumsey. In the three decades after Rumsey’s death, Shepherdstown changed his story from one of simple tragedy ( an inventor dying early , before his ideas are brought to fruition)- to one of tragedy and injustice- ( an inventor dying early, his work successful but unnoticed, and his profitable steamboat idea stolen by others). It was only Ella May Turner’s biography of him that dispensed with the folklore.<br /><br /><i> Was Rumsey’s the first steamboat?</i><br /><br /> There are so many words that have been wasted over this seemingly simple sentence! It was not just Shepherdstown’s oral tradition that made steamboat history a partisan matter , the steamboat itself really began that way. Rumsey had a rival, <a href="http://www.fitch-steamboat-museum.org/">John Fitch</a>. The affair is complex, but it does not really fit the popular plot of hero vs. villain. Telling it could fill a book: we’ll try limit it to three careful paragraphs, here.<br /><br /> Fitch said later that he’d thought of making steam power a boat in the spring of 1785. He then began fundraising for a company to build his steamboat the following summer, began building sometime the following winter , demonstrated his steamboat in Philadelphia, in August of 1787. Rumsey wrote George Washington to say he’d completed his plan for his steam- and poleboat in the spring of 1785, and began building that fall. His first public demonstration was December 3rd, 1787 in Shepherdstown, three months after Fitch’s. Rumsey advocates have often claimed he had a working steamboat earlier than this, by interpreting his 1786 river trials in a very hopeful way. Rumsey also cast those trials in a somewhat hopeful light, but he himself never claimed his steamboat actually worked before Dec.3rd ( his pamphlet detailing those claims even included affidavits from witnesses who said the steamboat machinery was “incomplete” on Dec. 3rd). So, if you wish to think of it as a race and want to know who crossed the finish line first, Rumsey himself would have said, John Fitch.<br /><br />Rumsey would have also said, however, that the dispute was not about a race; it was about owning his ideas. Fitch had obtained broad monopoly patents from several states that gave him rights to his own and any other steamboat, once he had a working steamboat of his own . A monopoly offered investors a safer bet, and it was not unheard of for a government to grant one to boost a project: but usually it was for something completely new. Rumsey’s claim was that , since he’d started building before Fitch, and because his design was completely his own and unlike Fitch’s , it was unfair to give Fitch the rights to it, just because Fitch had built his own boat. But though George Washington had told Fitch of Rumsey quite early on, in the fall of 1785 (and had told Rumsey of Fitch, as well), Fitch claimed Rumsey was a spoiler, who labored in secret and emerged late to upset Fitch’s project just when he was about to reap the monopoly he deserved--and to which some states had already agreed. Because Fitch felt he had the law firmly on his side to do what he liked with Rumsey’s ideas, and Rumsey valued all his intellectual property very highly , arbitration efforts by Philadelphia businessmen to create a joint venture failed. The dispute was finally adjudicated a few years later, in 1791, when a patent system was created for the entire ( and recently formed) United States. New and inexperienced, and perhaps distracted by other worries ( one member, Thomas Jefferson , was serving as Secretary of State) the patent commission awarded both inventors ill-defined and overlapping design patents that clarified little about their rights. Fitch felt the Commission had been stacked with Virginians, who sided with the Virginian Rumsey, and there could have been a bias ( all the records of the Commission burned in the great Patent Office fire of 1839, so it is hard to say). But Rumsey himself was equally furious with the result, so both inventors felt they’d lost. He had gone overseas to England early in the dispute; the patent decision contributed to his decision to stay there, where he died in December 1792. After being denied both his monopoly and a real patent, Fitch abandoned his steamboat work in Philadelphia, and eventually died , destitute, in Kentucky about five years after Rumsey. Historian Brooke Hindle has said the botched patent ruling was instrumental in halting steamboat development in the US for the next twenty years. <br /><br />A great difficulty with this, is the sources are partial, biases, or missing. Fitch, for example, left a detailed and captivating memoir, which is the sole surviving source for some important events, like the Patent Commission Hearing. With his very complete story, Fitch is easier to write about. But this complete narrative is also biased, written in part to settle scores with the many people Fitch felt had treated him unfairly. Whatever similar papers Rumsey might have written vanished with his death, and his few letters contain little or no biographical information. With much less of Rumsey’s side of the story to use, Fitch has gotten more attention from authors, Rumsey less.<br /><br /><i> What ever happened to Rumsey’s steamboat, after 1787?</i><br /> After two demonstrations in public in December, Rumsey pulled the machinery off the boat and in March of 1788 sent it to Philadelphia, to begin his dispute with Fitch. Fitch visited Shepherdstown in May of 1789, and found the hull of the boat upside down in a pond, abandoned ( this visit by Fitch would, in later years, be recast by Shepherdstown as happening five years earlier, with Fitch actually spying on Rumsey’s work). The boat engine almost certainly stayed with the Rumseian Society in Philadelphia, but very likely sometime after Rumsey’s death in December of 1792, it was disposed of, likely sold for scrap…though some smaller pieces might have been kept as souvenirs. Of these, the sole possible survivor is a length of machine chain, quite well-forged and finished, acquired by Alexander Boteler likely sometime in the 1850’s and donated to the Smithsonian in 1866 . It is too good for mundane purposes, could well have connected a working beam to an air pump or steam cylinder. Boteler also had a fragment of iron pot, which supposedly Rumsey used in his 1785 engine boiler , the boiler which Rumsey quickly discarded as inadequate. Boteler donated the scrap to the Franklin Institute, but has now disappeared. Admittedly, it didn’t much look like an artifact a museum would want to keep.<br /><br /><i> Did Rumsey build another steamboat?</i><br /><br /> Yes, in England. It was called The Columbian Maid, another jet boat. We don’t know too much about it, but if it had the engine pump shown in Rumsey’s 1790 patent, it would have been complicated and difficult to make, and Rumsey died in December of 1792, before it could be finished. The Gentleman’s Magazine reported that it ran on the Thames the following February, and made four knots. But nothing more is known of what became of it; likely it was simply sold off by Rumsey’s partners and creditors, perhaps just for scrap metal.<br /><br /><img src="https://jamesrumsey.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/rumseyboilerpotbotelerdrawing.jpg" /><br /><br />Botelers Drawing of the fragment of the “pot” boiler<br /><br /><img src="https://jamesrumsey.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/1790fig16.jpg" /> Possibly the engine for the Columbian Maid. Rather than having a working beam operating all the pumps of a steam engine, Rumsey made them nest within each other, as hollow pistons. Very compact and light, but difficult to build and still not thermally efficient<br /><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br />9 responses to “Oft-encountered Inquiries”</span></b><br /><a href="http://steamathf.wordpress.com/">Steam at Harper's Ferry</a><br /><a href="https://jamesrumsey.org/faq/#comment-334">July 8th, 2012 at 1:29 PM</a><br /><br />I was just reading about the tugboat “Rumsey” which was “accoutred for running the Rebel batteries at Vicksburg” in Harper’s Weekly, May 30, 1863. I found references to a stern wheel steamboat named “John Rumsey” built in 1859 captained by Nathaniel Harris and Joseph Biggs (in 1863). Is this tug related at all to James Rumsey? <a href="http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1863/vicksburg-blockade-runner.htm">http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1863/vicksburg-blockade-runner.htm</a><br /><br /><a href="https://jamesrumsey.wordpress.com/">jamesrumsey</a><br /><a href="https://jamesrumsey.org/faq/#comment-339">July 11th, 2012 at 8:52 PM</a><br /><br />I don’t have any knowledge of a John Rumsey. James Rumsey’s two daughters, his deaf-mute son, and at least one of his brothers, Edward, moved to Kentucky after James’ death, and they and their families got to see steamboats become the most important commercial transport in the South. A grandson, James Rumsey Skiles, did a lot to develop Hopkinsville, and even founded a town, which he named Rumsey, in honor of James. The family tried to get material compensation for James’ work from Congress, submitting a memorial in 1839--which was rejected in 1848 ( like many memorials). But, anyway, there were a fair number of Kentuckians , if not others on the Mississippi, who would still know the story and like the name put on a steamboat in the 1860’s. Any notion where the tug was from?<br /><br />That it was a Union boat is interesting. By the 1830’s, there was a belief in Shepherdstown that James had had a working boat sometime in 1785, if not earlier, and that both Fulton and Fitch had stolen the idea of a steamboat from him. As stated elsewhere in this blog, neither Fulton’s or Fitch’s designs owed anything to Rumsey’s, so really the most that could be claimed is they heard something about him. But the political strife of the next few decades added a patriotic edge to the question. When A.R. Boteler ( later Confederate colonel and congressman) began to write about Rumsey, in the 1850’s, he had an evident pride in Rumsey being a Virginian ( “to Virginia belongs the honor…”). Fulton and Fitch were both Yankees. Putting the name Rumsey on a steamboat in the war, you might think, could have been thought to be a Southern poke in the Northern eye. But apparently not here.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://steamathf.wordpress.com/">Steam at Harper's Ferry</a><br /><a href="https://jamesrumsey.org/faq/#comment-342">July 12th, 2012 at 1:48 PM</a><br /><br />Thank you! You make some very interesting points. I will do a little more digging around. What I thought was interesting was that there was so little additional information about the tug in the article. Almost as if everyone knew about this steamboat. It may require more investigation …<br />Thanks again!<br /><br /><br />Karen<br /><a href="https://jamesrumsey.org/faq/#comment-414">September 29th, 2012 at 4:48 PM</a><br /><br />My maiden name is Rumsey and I grew up hearing that we are related to James Rumsey. My father, John Rumsey, grew up in West Virginia before his family moved to Washington DC. at some point during the first half of the 20th century. I’ve tried tracing my lineage through <a href="https://ancestry.com/">Ancestry.com</a> to see if my family is indeed related to James Rumsey, but have been unsuccessful. Does anyone know how I might find out, once and for all, if I am a descendant of James Rumsey? Thanks for any and all help!<br /><br /><a href="https://jamesrumsey.wordpress.com/">jamesrumsey</a><br /><a href="https://jamesrumsey.org/faq/#comment-417">October 2nd, 2012 at 2:16 PM</a><br /><br />James Rumsey himself had no male descendants, his brother Edward had quite a few and moved to Kentucky. We have not worked up a geneology of the Rumsey family, and consider it a low priority. However, we do have a file that we keep on the family, welcome additions to it. If you can track your family back to a Rumsey circa 1850, we might have something. But most of the file is earlier than that.<br />Nick B.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://-/">Charles Dawson</a><br /><a href="https://jamesrumsey.org/faq/#comment-548">January 6th, 2013 at 10:59 AM</a><br /><br />Has it never been known at which shipbuilder in Dover, Kent, England, COLUMBIA MAID was built?<br /><br /><br /><a href="https://jamesrumsey.wordpress.com/">jamesrumsey</a><br /><a href="https://jamesrumsey.org/faq/#comment-566">January 13th, 2013 at 8:16 PM</a><br /><br />Rumsey wrote his brother Edward in March 1789 and said, “a gentleman here has undertaken to furnish me with a vessel to try my experiment upon. She is now building at Dover, 72 miles from London. She is large enough to go to the East Indies. The engine is making for her and I expect to make the trial in May”. In a later letter from London he described the ship as being “burthen 101 and 45/95 tons”, but though another letter, to Th. Jefferson, was posted from Dover no shipbuilder’s name in either of these is mentioned, nor does it appear elsewhere in Rumsey’s few surviving letters.<br /><br /><br />Mike McGinness<br /><a href="https://jamesrumsey.org/faq/#comment-2687">August 31st, 2016 at 3:35 PM</a><br /><br />I’m related to him as well. My great grandfather was named James Rumsey Crenshaw. It’s complicated to try to explain, but I’ve traced it back via <a href="https://ancestry.com/">ancestry.com</a> and it checks out.<br /><br /><br /><a href="https://jamesrumsey.wordpress.com/">jamesrumsey</a><br /><a href="https://jamesrumsey.org/faq/#comment-2705">October 29th, 2016 at 9:12 AM</a><br /><br />Howdy,<br />Sorry for the late response.<br />We don’t concentrate on geneology, unlike many historical societies, but we do get inquiries and so have a file on the Rumsey family and welcome additions to it. There’s fairly little on family members past 1850, especially those not descended from James’ brother Edward, who had many children. If you have a spare moment and would like to send us what you’ve found, we’d be grateful. You can email it here, or post it to The Rumseian Society PO Box 1787 Shepherdstown, WV 25443.<br />many thanks<br />Nick Blanton<br />StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23873592.post-64210407056750388742017-02-17T07:37:00.000-05:002017-03-05T13:53:38.182-05:00DACHAU CONCENTRATION CAMP (Report on a two-day visit, 1-2 May) <br />
<br />
<br />
<ul style="color: #777777; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 20px; left: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 0px; visibility: visible; z-index: 1;">
<li class="transcript" id="transcript1" style="margin: 13px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: auto;"><div class="transcriptHeader" style="padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: center; width: 309px;">
<hr style="box-sizing: content-box; height: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em;" />
<span style="background-color: white; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; position: relative; top: -1.1em;">Page 1</span></div>
<div class="transcriptText">
Mr Crossman </div>
</li>
<li class="transcript" id="transcript1" style="margin: 13px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: auto;"><div class="transcriptText">
SUPREME HEADQUARTERS ALLIED EXPEDITIONARY FORCE Psychological Warfare Division </div>
</li>
<li class="transcript" id="transcript1" style="margin: 13px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: auto;"><div class="transcriptText">
<br /></div>
</li>
<li class="transcript" id="transcript1" style="margin: 13px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: auto;"><div class="transcriptText">
CONFIDENTIAL </div>
</li>
<li class="transcript" id="transcript1" style="margin: 13px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: auto;"><div class="transcriptText">
12 May 1945. </div>
</li>
<li class="transcript" id="transcript1" style="margin: 13px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: auto;"><div class="transcriptText">
Personal File </div>
</li>
<li class="transcript" id="transcript1" style="margin: 13px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: auto;"><div class="transcriptText">
DACHAU CONCENTRATION CAMP (Report on a two-day visit, 1-2 May) </div>
</li>
<li class="transcript" id="transcript1" style="margin: 13px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: auto;"><div class="transcriptText">
<br /></div>
</li>
<li class="transcript" id="transcript1" style="margin: 13px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: auto;"><div class="transcriptText">
1. INTRODUCTION The purpose of the visit to Dachau was to obtain documentary and photographic material directly after liberation for a motion picture on German atrocities to be shown in Germany. The material presented here, gathered in the disordered conditions of the second and third days of liberation, should therefore be read only as a preliminary report. 2. DACHAU'S SIZE AND PLANT The Dachau penal and correctional institution consists of a main camp (STAMMLAGER) surrounded by several subsidiary or work camps (UNTERLAGER), all situated on land owned or leased by the SS. The central Dachau compound, about ten acres in size, encloses some twenty-five semi-permanent prisoner barracks buildings, a permanent block of prison cells, an isolated barracks (known as the EHRENBUNKER) for special political prisoners receiving preferential treatment, kitchens, warehouses, guard rooms, special rooms used for corporal punishments, tortures, and medical experiments on prisoners, and a three-acre yard. In a special stockade outside the compound proper are the crematory, gas chamber, and war-dog kennels. A complex of SS and Waffen-SS administration buildings and warehouses abutts on the camp. 3. NUMBER AND TYPES OF INMATES At the time of liberation, about 65,000 prisoners were being carried on the Dachau roll, of whom 32,000 were housed in the main compound. Although the largest single national representation was Polish, men from every European state were present, including 5,660 Germans. Highly conflicting statements on the ratio of criminal to political prisoners were obtained; a United States officer assigned to the Camp Review Board explained that numerous non-German convicted criminals, on having refused the invitation to join the Wehrmacht had been transferred to the status of political prisoners. At the other end of the scale, among the inmates interviewed on 1 and 2 May were several Canadian paratroop officers, a Czech newspaper and motion-picture editor (Paul HUSAREK), the former Berlin correspondent of the Havas Agency (M. RAVOUX), a German Communist organizer who had spent twelve years at Dachau (George BIEBER), an Austrian aristocrat (Count LODRON), an Albanian Cabinet member (Ali KUCI), the former Polish Consul General in Munich (GRABINSKY) and a British Naval Officer (Lieut. Comdr. Patrick OREARY). The French General DELESTRAINT, also an inmate, had reportedly been executed two days before Dachau's liberation. A group of especially well-known prisoners, including Martin NIEMOELLER, formerly quartered in a special barracks, had been removed late in April to the camp at Innsbruck. About 450 women were at Dachau, also quartered apart. Among these was stated to be the widow of Field Marshal von WITZLEBEN. 4. LIVING CONDITIONS It was stated that the Dachau main compound, now holding 32,000 prisoners, had been designed to house a maximum of 10,000. Overcrowding had been aggravated during April by the arrival of some 15,000 evacuees from the Buchenwald, Auschwitz, and Kaufering camps. The bread ration CONFIDENTIAL</div>
</li>
<li class="transcript" id="transcript2" style="margin: 13px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: auto;"><div class="transcriptHeader" style="padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: center; width: 309px;">
<hr style="box-sizing: content-box; height: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em;" />
<span style="background-color: white; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; position: relative; top: -1.1em;">Page 2</span></div>
<div class="transcriptText">
2. CONFIDENTIAL formerly consisting of 1/4th and later of 1/5th of a loaf of black bread per man per day, had been reduced during this period to 1/8th of a loaf. Housing facilities at Dachau are as follows : each barracks building is subdivided into four units, each of which consists of a bunk hall about 50 feet square, a mess hall about half as large, a washroom, and a latrine. In Dachau's early period, it is stated, these units accommodated about 100 men each. As observed on 1 May, however, the units were housing 300 to 400 men each. Sleeping accomodation was provided in three-tiered bunks about six feet wide, each sleeping from three to five and six men to a tier, and with less than two feet of head room above the top tier. The variations in density of population reflected a distinction between the "upper-class barracks" (NOBLEN BARRACKEN) which housed somewhat more favored prisoners, and the run of common barracks for the mass. Even in the NOBLEN BARRACKEN, however, sanitary facilities appeared to be hopelessly overtaxed. In the louse-infested poorer barracks, prisoners were observed eating their meal in the stench of latrines. In one of these units alone, more than a hundred bed-ridden cases were observed, the chief sicknesses being spotted typhus, dysentery, and diarrhoea (the latter being classed by the inmates as a fatal disease, in view of the impossibility of obtaining diet changes). Corpses were found in the bunks, and before the barracks door. 5. MEDICAL CARE A special barracks - not, however, isolated from the others - had been reserved as an infirmary (KRANKENREVIER). Several prisoners stated that for long periods the infirmary had been without the services of a doctor, and had relied on medical orderlies alone. This circumstance, to which was added the fear of being turned over by the orderlies to the medical experimental station for guinea-pig purposes, appears to have dissuaded many prisoners from answering sick-call. A prisoner in charge of the Dachau muster role reported that on 1 May, 3,900 prisoners were being carried on the infirmary list. According to estimates made by American medical officers on the same date, however, a total of 8,500 Dachau inmates were bed-ridden. Although the German authorities had made an attempt to isolate several of the regular barracks for typhus cases, typhus was by no means restricted to these. As an exception to the general medical picture, prisoners admitted that the German authorities had carried on an effective de-lousing campaign during the last months by means of a newly invented ultra-shortwave process. 6. DEATH RATE AND DISPOSAL OF THE DEAD The following figures on deaths during recent months were obtained from prison records : January 1945 2,888 February 1945 3,977 March 1945 3,750 Prisoners stated that these figures did not include certain executions and "disappearances". The prevalent method of disposal was to remove all clothes from the body and, after attaching an identification tag to its foot, to cart it to the crematory. At times when the four furnaces of the crematory were overtaxed, or when coal was short, bodies were dumped in a pit in the back of the camp. The clothes were turned over to the local agency of the DEUTSCHE TEXTIL- UND BEKLEIDUNGSWERKE, G.m.b.H., a private corporation whose stockholders were SS officials, which reclaimed and repaired the garments (with the use of unpaid prison labor), and then re-sold them to the camp clothing depot for the use of other prisoners. CONFIDENTIAL</div>
</li>
<li class="transcript" id="transcript3" style="margin: 13px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: auto;"><div class="transcriptHeader" style="padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: center; width: 309px;">
<hr style="box-sizing: content-box; height: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em;" />
<span style="background-color: white; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; position: relative; top: -1.1em;">Page 3</span></div>
<div class="transcriptText">
CONFIDENTIAL 3. 7. PUNISHMENTS AND EXECUTIONS Routine punishments, as reported by prisoners who had undergone them, were : for having leaned on one's shovel while at work in the quarry, one hour's suspension by the hands from a ring attached to the wall; for having smoked a cigarette during work hours, twenty-five lashes at the whipping post. A special punishment, reported by several witnesses, was that of making the entire camp population stand at attention in the yard all night long, in expiation for the escape of a prisoner. The first of these NACHTSTEHEN, during which prisoners were forbidden to wear caps, coats, or gloves, took place during the cold and rainy night of 23 January 1939, on the order of the Schutzhaftlager-fuehrer, SS Obersturmfuehrer HOFFMAN. An unusual form of torture was that of ordering a prisoner to climb to the top of a tree, and then ordering a second prisoner to chop the tree down. The use of dogs to attack naked men who had been trussed up in the crematory yard appears to have been frequent. A gas chamber with sixteen nozzles served for executions. Prisoners reported (without giving details) that in the period from early 1942 to early 1943, anywhere from 200 to 300 Russian military and political prisoners had been shot each day, and that their bones had been used to pave streets. They also reported that during the week before the arrival of American troops, executions by shooting numbered about 30 per day. 8. DACHAU AS A PROFIT-MAKING INSTITUTION The cost to the SS of maintaining a prisoner at Dachau (including food, clothing, and amortization) was stated to be RM 1.70 per day. All prisoners other than the bed-ridden and those needed for essential camp services were put to work on projects that brought in to the camp administration an income well in excess of its outlay. Receipts for the labor of convict engineers, carpenters, clerical workers, etc., who had been farmed out under guard to manufacturers in Munich and Dachau ranged from RM 4 to 6 per man per day. Other prisoners were put to work in the SS-owned quarry at Ueberlingen. About 1400 prisoners were kept working at DIE PLANTAGE, a large farm near Dachau specializing in medicinal herbs. Ownership of the farm was vested by the SS in a private corporation among whose chief stockholders reportedly were General der Waffen-SS POUL and Hauptsturmfuehrer VOIGT. The work of reclaiming the clothes of dead prisoners for the account of the DEUTSCHE TEXTIL- UND BEKLEIDUNGSWERKE was shared by Dachau prisoners with those at Oranienburg and the women's camp at Ravensbrueck. Between sixteen and twenty Dachau women prisoners were employed as prostitutes inside the camp (their establishment being visited only, prisoners stated, by criminal and "asocial" elements); and it is believed that the SS deducted a share of their earnings. 9. MANAGEMENT Administration of Dachau and its subsidiary camps fell under the authority of the Inspector of Death's Head Units of the SS. Management was vested in a Camp Commandant aided by an immediate staff of 32, a subordinate staff of 212, and about 3,300 guards, matrons, trusties, etc. The last Camp Commandant was SS Sturmbannfuehrer WEITER (who was captured by troops of the American 45th Division). His executive officer inside the stockade was the Camp Leader, RUPPERT. Other officials named by prisoners were SS Oberscharfuehrer BONGARTZ, head of the crematory and chief executioner; SS Oberscharfuehrer EICHBERGER, an administration officer who was present at executions; and SS Oberscharfuehrer BACH, who in spite of his low rank was the camp's Chief Investigator (VERNEHMUNGS-FUEHRER), and as such was reported to be responsible only to the SS Central Office. Internal supervision of camp discipline and labor was placed in the hands of trusties (KAPOS) selected by the SS officials from among the prisoners. The men chosen were generally criminals or CONFIDENTIAL</div>
</li>
<li class="transcript" id="transcript4" style="margin: 13px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: auto;"><div class="transcriptHeader" style="padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: center; width: 309px;">
<hr style="box-sizing: content-box; height: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em;" />
<span style="background-color: white; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; position: relative; top: -1.1em;">Page 4</span></div>
<div class="transcriptText">
4. CONFIDENTIAL </div>
</li>
<li class="transcript" id="transcript4" style="margin: 13px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: auto;"><div class="transcriptText">
such political prisoners as could be lured by the prospects of favored treatment or power into turning against their fellows. No evidence obtained at Dachau suggested that members of any particular political group or party were predominant in KAPO ranks. The most powerful and hated trusties during the final period of the camp were WERNICKE, a veteran SA man (believed to hold Party badge # 202) who had been convicted of profiteering and whose post was that of LAGERPOLIZEI-KAPO, and the Senior Prisoner (LAGERAELTESTE), an Armenian named MENSARIAN. 10. THE FINAL WEEKS AT DACHAU Prisoners state that in mid-April the SS Central Office decided that the Camp Commandant, WEITER, had "gone too far" in his methods, and ordered a reorganization. The SS High Court (OBERSTGERICHT) came to Dachau to investigate and at the same time to seek to exonerate the Central Office from what had happened there. Its decision was to remove the camp leader, RUPPERT, and to arrest the trio of BACH, WERNICKE, and MENSARIAN, who had bossed and terrorized the compound. The Inspector-General of all concentration camps, WEISS (himself a former commandant of Dachau) was sent down to oversee WEITER. WEISS had barely started on this work, however, when on 24 April he was ordered to evacuate all concentration camps and, it is stated, "to see to it that none of the prisoners arrived at their destination". Preparations for the evacuation of Dachau began that same night. Twenty-one hundred Jewish prisoners were given a quarter of a loaf of bread apiece and placed in railroad cars for shipment southward. For three days the train waited in the yard for a locomotive. During that period, prisoners state, 300 of the evacuees died. On the evening of the 26th, about 5,000 more prisoners were evacuated from Dachau, carrying four days' bread rations and some cheese. Meanwhile, Dachau was itself the scene of an influx of prisoners from camps to the north. Of a column 480 strong which had left Auschwitz on 24 April, on foot and wearing thin clothing, 120 survivors arrived. On 25 April, 1,600 survivors of a convoy of 2,400 prisoners from Buchenwald reached camp; more than 100 of these died within the next twenty-four hours. On 28 April a mixed train of passenger and freight cars arrived after a slow trip from the camp at Kaufering, and hundreds of bodies were found among the living. (This is the famous "death train" which was found standing on a siding beside a public thoroughfare in Dachau, still littered with corpses, when American troops arrived). On 27 April, rumors spread through the camp that other prisoner convoy which had started out from Buchenwald had been exterminated entirely en route. When General Assembly was sounded on that day, therefore, many prisoners went into hiding or played sick. A round-up of the camp was ordered, but the SS guards needed for the carrying out of this order were just then absent from the camp, standing by to meet a possible American paratroop attack for which they had been alerted. Prisoners state that this paratroop alarm had been spread by their own underground confederates operating in the countryside around the camp, in order to distract and confuse the guards. It is also stated that a band of prisoners - most of them veterans of the Spanish International Brigade - broke out of the compound and exchanged fire with the SS guards, as a result of which three of their own number were killed. Since the guards and panicky trusties were unequal to the situation inside the camp, evacuation was put off another day. Next morning, WEISS disappeared. RUPPERT and BACH, now out of arrest took over control of the compound, and prisoners feared that they might order a general massacre. That afternoon, however, RUPPERT and BACH fled, along with the administrative and commissary officials, leaving behind only an outside guard of 200 SS men. This guard did not venture into the compound, and organized prison life at Dachau thus came to an end. CONFIDENTIAL</div>
</li>
<li class="transcript" id="transcript5" style="margin: 13px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: auto;"><div class="transcriptHeader" style="padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: center; width: 309px;">
<hr style="box-sizing: content-box; height: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em;" />
<span style="background-color: white; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; position: relative; top: -1.1em;">Page 5</span></div>
<div class="transcriptText">
5. CONFIDENTIAL Early on 28 April each national group of prisoners had met to elect representatives. Toward evening these men, organized as the International Committee, took over the internal management of the camp. The chief trusties, WERNICKE and MENSARIAN, were placed under guard. Since the camp food stocks had come to an end, all available Red Cross food parcels were opened and their contents divided throughout the camp. During 29 April the prisoners were left quite to themselves, save for one attempt by several hysterically shouting SS men on motorcycles to stampede them into the electrically-charged stockade wires. At 1730 hours, American troops reached the camp gates, and the SS guards surrendered without a fight. About forty of them were shot out of hand or killed by the prisoners, and with them were WERNICKE and MESARIAN. 11. DACHAU'S PLACE AMONG CONCENTRATION CAMPS Prisoners who had had experience of other camps in Germany were unanimous in stating that conditions at Dachau were generally superior. Several divided Germany's camps into three classes : first and best, camps like Dachau; second, "hard-labor" camps like Ohrdruf and Ueberlingen; third and last, "death camps" (VERNICHTUNGSLAGER) like Mauthausen. The greatest fear of many prisoners was that they might be transferred to Mauthausen; of 1,600 Dachau inmates who had been thus transferred in the fall of 1939, it was stated that 900 died before the following spring. WILLIAM HARLAN HALE, Deputy to Assistant Chief of Division for Directives & Current Propaganda</div>
</li>
</ul>
StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23873592.post-74289625276609458422017-02-15T01:27:00.003-05:002017-02-16T09:12:49.285-05:00December 1, 2015, Time Magazine, Photography: The Forgotten Images of One of America's Greatest War Photographers, by Dante A. Ciampaglia,December 1, 2015, Time Magazine, <a href="http://time.com/4126406/john-florea-war-photographer/">Photography: The Forgotten Images of One of America's Greatest War Photographers</a>, by Dante A. Ciampaglia,<br />
<br />
http://time.com/4126406/john-florea-war-photographer/<br />
<br />
<img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNmh4BETYQKJ6b06y4LsDcenF1IHN3-gjByOATe93gsAG3cCycwWNcx2QCdFnJ0j66eczBjSWKar128DZAVrf3nIMe4M7zjyhK0FcSJys5G9sN0jZYiDvZaKBQvDWyjxLzI8s5JQ/s640/151124-john-florea-09.jpg" width="516" /><br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLhdFSkHkPDuWmaYHQzo-xOePd8BRcxbSoQuMpLluAwbx0VzBG_SxxSDZqI9N9PS2riu0FEE7-85z5CWGpZ8k-dE8NrDUZGRUqIG0x7sAsKlkDV0bICNB62G96n7jBKA5s_sIEjw/s1600/Screenshot+2017-02-14+at+20.28.02.png" /><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNbAyyDHJZOsFsMR2EmvcKnLwBGGlcZ-8VvTUt14erNMCvv06sDlRYMYe0BN0tEINaC2oYHtVRQLL7V2n4e5ldZ3bk53ODgOQUYygas440WgiljL36a-LCgByxfUN7l_4RyB5xYQ/s1600/Rows_of_bodies_of_dead_inmates_fill_the_yard_of_Lager_Nordhausen%252C_a_Gestapo_concentration_camp.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<br />
“Sometimes they got the picture nobody had asked for,” LIFE’s editors wrote in a Nov. 5, 1945, tribute portfolio to the 21 staff photographers who served as correspondents in World War II. But in a lineup that included Robert Capa, Margaret Bourke-White, George Rodger, and W. Eugene Smith, that statement perhaps applied most acutely to John Florea.<br />
<br />
The subject of an exceptional <a href="http://www.stevenkasher.com/exhibitions/john-florea-world-war-ii2">exhibition</a> at the Steven Kasher Gallery in New York City, John Florea: World War II, on view through Dec. 19, Florea was a LIFE staffer from 1941 to 1949. He photographed celebrities in Hollywood before being drafted after the attack on Pearl Harbor. He served in the Pacific from 1942 to 1943, then moved to Europe where he contributed some of the magazine's most important, unexpected images: massacres and executions, atrocities and degradation. His work was so monumental that he received a full page in the Nov. 5 portfolio; Bourke-White, Rodger, and Smith all had to share theirs.<br />
<br />
But today he’s all but forgotten. Anais Feyeux, curator of the exhibit at the Kasher Gallery, thinks it’s because, unlike Capa or Bourke-White, Florea wasn’t a war photographer. He was a photographer who, like most Americans who went off to war, had a job to do, did it, then came home. “Some people, like Robert Capa, knew before what war was. Not John Florea,” Feyeux says. “You can feel it in the photos. It was a terrible shock to him.”<br />
<br />
His first assignment was aboard the aircraft carrier Essex. He shot bombs scrawled with messages from servicemen to the Japanese, broken-up planes on the deck and aerial pictures of the November 1943 invasion of Tarawa. “There’s just the sea, there’s no real battlefield. It’s very abstract,” Feyeux says. “In the Pacific, in the beginning, even the soldiers still have some humor. It’s a kind of innocence he totally lost when he arrived in Europe.”<br />
<br />
Florea’s introduction to the Western Front was the Battle of the Bulge. He found himself, quite suddenly, in the thick of the fighting. As he slopped through mud and took cover from incoming bombardments, his photography became raw and kinetic, intimately capturing the fear, confusion, and brotherhood of soldiers running from bombs, considering an overturned tank or burying their dead.<br />
<br />
On his march through Europe, Florea also documented war’s impact on civilians: a hardened German woman sitting atop all her possessions in the rubble of a bombed-out Cologne, or German children peeking around a ruined wall as American jeeps roar through town. It was during this time that he made one of his most arresting photographs: an image of a 15-year-old German soldier crying after being captured. It is an image that sits at the intersection of war’s wholesale destruction of the individual and Germany’s specific brand of wartime depravity.<br />
<br />
Indeed, Florea witnessed some of the war’s worst crimes, not least of all the Malmedy Massacre, where 84 unarmed American prisoners were murdered by German troops on Dec. 17, 1944. Florea’s photographs of the carnage—bodies strewn in the snow, their arms up in an act of surrender, their faces hollowed out by pecking birds—are as wrenching today as they were 71 years ago.<br />
<br />
“Have you ever really gotten hit in the gut hard and lose your breath and fall to your knees? You know how that hurts,” Florea told fellow LIFE photographer John Loengard in 1993, reflecting on his time as a war correspondent. “I felt someone had hit me so hard—I actually cried.”<br />
<br />
It only got worse from there. In April 1945, Florea and the First Army freed American prisoners of war from the notorious German prison camp Stalag 12-A. The men they found had only been there for three months, yet they looked more skeletal than human. Florea’s photo of the bony body of a man named Joe Demler stretched out on a hard wooden bed, as well as a haunting portrait of an unnamed man whose penetrating gaze bored through the camera’s lens, would later prove to be two of the most indelible images of the war.<br />
<br />
The scope of Nazi atrocity was realized a few weeks later with the discovery of the Nordhausen concentration camp. There, Florea and the troops found the ground strewn with bodies, warehouses stacked full of corpses and a pit filled with the ashes of 60,000 people. Florea tried to capture the incomprehensible by shooting not only numerous photos of the dead, but also the genocide’s impact on the living. One triptych shows a man and his son, survivors, burying their wife and mother. In the end, LIFE chose to run just one of these photos:<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;"> a vertical shot o</span>f 3,000 bodies arranged side by side, stretching from the front of the frame to the horizon.<br />
<br />
After two harrowing years in Europe, Florea returned to America and, like so many servicemen, to his life. “I think when he comes back, he’s a civilian,” Feyeux says. “Some people disappear because they do something else.”<br />
<br />
In Florea’s case, that was television. After a falling-out with LIFE executive editor Wilson Hicks that cost him his job, Florea gave up photography for TV. He directed episodes of hit shows like Highway Patrol and Sea Hunt in the late 1950s and worked steadily in the industry through the mid-1980s, directing and producing episodes of CHiPs, V and MacGyver.<br />
<br />
“I got into an environment that I enjoyed,” Florea told Loengard. “But I’ll never be remembered for that. The only thing I’ll be remembered for is what I had done for LIFE magazine.”<br />
<br />
With the work Florea accomplished during his time with the magazine, that’s a legacy worth reclaiming.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.whale.to/b/holocaust_prop_p.html">http://www.whale.to/b/holocaust_prop_p.html</a>,<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">(279) <a href="http://www.whale.to/b/holocaust_prop_p.html">The US weekly magazine Life (21/05/1945, page 36)</a>, comments: ‘The bodies of almost 3,000 slave laborers being buried by US soldiers. These dead worked in underground factories in the manufacture of V1 and V2 rockets.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">In actual fact, these dead were the victims of the US terror attack on Nordhausen on 4 April 1945. Although the war was almost over, German cities continued to be bombed. Thus, the city of Nordhausen was bombed and almost totally destroyed on 4 April (2 days before the evacuation of the camp to Bergen-Belsen), also destroying the Boelke barracks in which the inmates were being housed. (From the series of publications from the Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte, number 21, Stuttgart page 194, Prof. Martin Broszat).</span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora">Mittelbau-Dora</a>,<br />
<br />
The high-resolution image above shows the bombing's devastation to camp facilities. Life magazine published a cropped version---what Time magazine called "a vertical shot" of 3,000 bodies.<br />
<br />
The video below contains a newsreel clip shot and narrated by the U.S. military unit that liberated Nordhausen, stating the 3,000 political prisoners died at the "brutal hands of SS troops and hardened German criminals who were the camp guards." Moreover, the American official describes Nordhausen as a "a depository for slaves found unfit for work in the underground V-bomb plants, or in other German camps and factories." (Apparently they hadn't yet got the memo asserting anyone unfit for work was immediately selected at the railway siding and sent to a gas chamber.)<br />
<br />
It's difficult to tell from the image above if the dead consist solely of men, but it seems probable, given the American assertion that the camp held political slave laborers who were too ill to work. This makes Time-Life's claim that Florea had photographed "a man and his son, survivors, burying their wife and mother," seem highly unlikely. And even with a high rate of starvation and tuberculosis amongst the living and dead, military officials knew what had caused the vast majority to perish within this great sea of unburied dead---and that was the United States Army-Air Forces' terror bombing campaign days earlier.<br />
<br />
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrY5HkT3jCFaKoE6H-TDJDd2VNnXxYn9CuPsikKdHkcnM6YOo5LI0IirSA6Dp58y_UL4pk0Dj_Ky3jsHZ7UZoVDaNGd9ukvrkIfqH1ar-D-TD3w99BoVpxt-1MKFa2eEv4Un4zNQ/s1600/Screenshot+2017-02-16+at+07.45.38.png" /><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="515" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/sz65pzbi2r4" width="760"></iframe><br />
<br />
<br />
at 12:44<br />
<br />
Nordhausen Concentration Camp,<br />
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Transcript:<br /><blockquote>
The slave labor Camp at Nordhausen, liberated by the 3rd Armored Division, 1st Army, at least 3,000 political prisoners died here at the brutal hands of SS troops and hardened German criminals who were the camp guards. Nordhapartyusen had been a depository for slaves found unfit for work in the underground V-bomb plants, or in other German camps and factories. Amid the corpses are human skeletons, too weak to move. Men of our medical battalions worked two days and nights binding wounds and giving medications, but for advanced cases of starvation and tuberculosis there often were no cures. Survivors are shown being evacuated to Allied hospitals</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<br />StevenWarRanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18193717919946639619noreply@blogger.com1